Laboratory evaluation of sample collection methods (organs vs swabs) for <scp>T</scp>asmanian salmon reovirus detection in farmed <scp>A</scp>tlantic salmon, <i><scp>S</scp>almo salar </i><scp>L</scp>.

Zainathan, Sandra Catherine; Carson, J; Crane, Mark St. J.; Nowak, Barbara F.

doi:10.1111/jfd.12012

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Kumar et al (2015) explained that the occurrence of a new serotype may limit vaccine efficacy. In addition, even though the vaccination has managed to protect fish to certain degrees against yersiniosis, it has been argued that the previous approach was unable to prevent the establishment of asymptomatic carriers within surviving populations of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon (Ghosh et al, 2016; Tobback et al, 2007; Zainathan, 2012). Thus, new prevention methods are urgently required to prevent or limit infection and reduce economic losses for salmonid production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening and activity of potential gastrointestinal probiotic lactic acid bacteria against Yersinia ruckeri O1b

Amin

Adams

Burke

et al. 2023

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Yersiniosis of cultured Atlantic salmon is a recurrent fish health management challenge in many continents. The causative organism, Yersinia ruckeri, can reside latently in the gut and lead to acute infection and disease during hatchery and sea‐transfer stages. One potential prevention approach is the administration of probiotic bacteria to suppress gut colonization of Y. ruckeri. Our study aimed to isolate and identify anti‐Yersinia activity among lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of aquatic animals. Of the 186 aquatic GIT isolates examined, three strains showed diffusible antimicrobial activity towards Y. ruckeri O1b. Analysis of 16 s rRNA gene sequences indicated the three bacterial strains were Enterococci, related to Enterococcus sp. (99%), Enterococcus thailandicus (99%), and Enterococcus durans (99%). Anti‐Yersinia activity was maintained at neutral pH (~6.5–7.0), and in‐vitro environmental tolerance assays showed the three strains could withstand simulated salmonids gastrointestinal tract conditions of: low pH (3.4) and 3% bile salt content. All three Enterococci strains showed higher adhesion to the intestinal mucus of Atlantic salmon than Y. ruckeri O1b (E. durans 24%, E. enterococcus sp. 25% and E. thailandicus 98%, compared to Y. ruckeri O1b 5%). However, only Enterococcus sp. and E. thailandicus were able to grow in the salmon intestinal mucus broth while E. durans showed no growth. Anti‐Yersinia activity was completely inactivated by proteinase‐K treatment, suggesting that the active compound/s are proteinaceous and may be bacteriocin‐like inhibitory substances (BLIS). Our data indicate that Enterococcus sp. MA176 and E. thailandicus MA122 are potential probionts for the prevention of yersiniosis in salmonids. Further in‐vivo studies are required to determine whether these bacteria reduce the incidence of yersiniosis in Atlantic salmon.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening and activity of potential gastrointestinal probiotic lactic acid bacteria against Yersinia ruckeri O1b

Amin

Adams

Burke

et al. 2023

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…In DPIPWE‐Tasmania, further application of RT‐qPCR was evident in the development of a rigorous and defined sample collection method for TSRV (Zainathan et al . ). The use of RT‐qPCR in this study showed that the limit of detection was down to 1.94 × 10 4 molecules μL −1 with initial viral copy numbers of 1.94 × 10 7 molecules μL −1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Development and application of molecular methods (PCR) for detection of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus

Zainathan

Carlile

Carson³

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Molecular (PCR) diagnostic tests for the detection and identification of aquareovirus in general, and Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus (TSRV) specifically, were developed, and their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined and compared with virus isolation in cell culture. Intralaboratory and interlaboratory comparison of PCR (conventional hemi-nested RT-PCR & RT-qPCR) and virus isolation in cell culture using finfish cell lines, CHSE-214 and EPC, was carried out for the detection and identification of TSRV using field samples of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, L. from various aquaculture sites around Tasmania. The interlaboratory comparison of diagnostic methods was carried out between two laboratories, AAHL-CSIRO and DPIPWE-Tasmania. A total of 144 fish from nine sites (12-33 fish per site) were sampled from two regions of Tasmania (Tamar River estuary in the north and Huon River estuary in the south-east) during late spring to early summer of 2009, and the data were analysed using different statistical approaches. The prevalence of TSRV ranged from 6% to 22% in both regions. All the diagnostic methods (data from both laboratories) had high specificity, while the estimated sensitivity varied between tests with RT-qPCR being the most sensitive (95.2%) method followed by virus isolation and then conventional hemi-nested RT-PCR.

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“…Therefore, non-lethal sampling techniques such as the swab method are highly recommended. Zainathan et al [44] evaluated the use of swabs and organs to detect the Tasmanian salmon reovirus. The results demonstrated that swabs were as effective as organ samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of Megalocytivirus in freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) from Johor, Malaysia

Johan,

Abdullah,

Emilia

et al. 2023

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Malaysia has more than 630 culturists who are involved in the ornamental fish industry and culture 250 species, including local and exotic species. Among these viruses, megalocytiviruses have been associated with severe systemic diseases and economic losses in ornamental fish. The intensity of Megalocytivirus infection in Pterophyllum scalare in Malaysia remains unknown. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Megalocytivirus while discovering its associated risk factors and the genotypes of its causative agents in an ornamental fish farm in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: Seven broodstock pairs of P. scalare were used in this study to follow the life stages of fish, from egg to market size. Water samples and other samples, such as mucus swabs, gill swabs, P. scalare eggs, fries, juveniles, snails, snail eggs, live feed (Tubifex worms and Moina spp.), sediment samples, and wild fish, were collected periodically for initial environmental sampling from day 0 to day 60. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplifications were performed for megalocytivirus-related sequences. The phylogenetic tree, including the sampled causative agents of megalocytiviruses, was inferred from the major capsid protein genes of all known Iridoviridae species. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the strength of the correlation between the presence of megalocytiviruses in P. scalare samples and the associated risk factors. Results: A total of 312 out of 935 pooled and individual samples tested positive for the presence of Megalocytivirus-related sequences, except snail eggs and wild fish (Poecilia reticulata). No clinical symptoms were observed in any fish samples. Megalocytivirus-associated viruses detected in water samples indicate horizontal transmission of the virus. All the nucleotide sequences found in this study had high nucleotide identities of 95%–99 % and were closely related to Megalocytivirus genotype I infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. Risk factors associated with Megalocytivirus include water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and the life stages of P. scalare. High Megalocytivirus infection was detected when the water temperature, DO, and pH were high in P. scalare, high water temperature and nitrate in the water samples, and the same rate of Megalocytivirus infection in P. scalare fry and juveniles. Conclusion: This is the first study to confirm the existence of different possible routes of megalocytivirus distribution in ornamental fish farms in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the connection between the mode of transmission and the risk factors for this virus needs to be explored further to recognize the evolution and potential new host species. Keywords: epidemiology, genotype I, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, Megalocytivirus, ornamental fish, risk factors.

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Laboratory evaluation of sample collection methods (organs vs swabs) for Tasmanian salmon reovirus detection in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Cited by 5 publications

References 34 publications

Screening and activity of potential gastrointestinal probiotic lactic acid bacteria against Yersinia ruckeri O1b

Screening and activity of potential gastrointestinal probiotic lactic acid bacteria against Yersinia ruckeri O1b

Development and application of molecular methods (PCR) for detection of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus

Molecular epidemiology of Megalocytivirus in freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) from Johor, Malaysia

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