Laboratory Experiments on Tsunamigenic Discrete Subaqueous Volcanic Eruptions. Part 2: Properties of Generated Waves

Shen, Yaxiong; Whittaker, Colin; Lane, Emily M.; White, James D. L.; Power, William; Nomikou, Paraskevi

doi:10.1029/2020jc016587

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…When the jet duration is longer than the saturation duration, the effective scaled water depth becomes independent of the jet duration. Shen et al (2021b) mainly described how the maximum wave height changes with the water depth at a given discrete source strength. If we reanalyze these data by varying the source strength with a given water depth, we can similarly find that at a given water depth and jet duration, there also exists a saturation source strength above which increasing the source strength will not further increase the maximum wave height (e.g., extremely shallow-water eruptions in Shen et al, 2021b).…”

Section: Effective Scaled Water Depthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We limited our analysis to waves not contaminated by reflections from the sidewalls. In order to better describe the destructive potential of waves generated by an underwater eruption, the maximum wave envelope amplitudes were used as the characteristic amplitudes of waves (Shen et al., 2021b).…”

Section: Apparatus and Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shen et al. (2021b) explained the existence of the critical water depths by considering the energy loss underwater and in air. When the water depth is close to zero, nearly all of the energy passes through the free surface and is lost into the air.…”

Section: Critical Water Depthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2021b) mainly described how the maximum wave height changes with the water depth at a given discrete source strength. If we reanalyze these data by varying the source strength with a given water depth, we can similarly find that at a given water depth and jet duration, there also exists a saturation source strength above which increasing the source strength will not further increase the maximum wave height (e.g., extremely shallow‐water eruptions in Shen et al., 2021b). If both source intensity and jet duration are taken into account, the formula of effective scaled water depths can be expressed as

d / true(I_{s}^{a} {△ t}^{b} true)

.…”

Section: Effective Scaled Water Depthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent work (Shen et al., 2021b) has found that, for a given source intensity, there is a critical water depth at which a discrete eruption generates the largest wave heights. This opens two questions: (a) How does the jet duration influence the maximum wave height?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waves Generated by Discrete and Sustained Gas Eruptions With Implications for Submarine Volcanic Tsunamis

Shen

Whittaker

Lane

et al. 2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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Impulsive subaqueous volcanic eruptions can displace a large volume of water, which has the potential to initiate local tsunamis (Day, 2015). Tsunamis triggered by underwater volcanic eruptions are relatively infrequent, accounting for approximately 1% of recorded tsunamis (Latter, 1981). Compared to tsunami generation by earthquakes or landslides, which account for 81% and 7% of recorded tsunamis respectively (Harbitz et al., 2014), the consequences of submarine volcanic sources may therefore be underestimated (Paris, 2015). Although submarine volcanic eruptions represent about three-quarters of global volcanism (most are effusive eruptions, but explosive ones also occur), these eruptions account for only 8% of the recorded eruptions because of the difficulties in obtaining observations (Cashman & Fiske, 1991;Mastin & Witter, 2000;Resing et al., 2011;White et al., 2015). No field data set completely records a submarine volcanic tsunami from the source dynamics to the water-volcanic substance interactions and finally to spatio-temporally resolved waves (Dürig et al., 2020;Embley et al., 2006;Shen et al., 2021b). Hence, laboratory experiments are required to better understand this hazard mechanism.Recent work (Shen et al., 2021b) has found that, for a given source intensity, there is a critical water depth at which a discrete eruption generates the largest wave heights. This opens two questions: (a) How does the

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Section: Effective Scaled Water Depthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Apparatus and Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Critical Water Depthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

d / true(I_{s}^{a} {△ t}^{b} true)

.…”

Section: Effective Scaled Water Depthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waves Generated by Discrete and Sustained Gas Eruptions With Implications for Submarine Volcanic Tsunamis

Shen

Whittaker

Lane

et al. 2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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A Review of Tsunamis Generated by Volcanoes (TGV) Source Mechanism, Modelling, Monitoring and Warning Systems

Schindelé,

Kong,

Lane

et al. 2024

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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Tsunamis generated by volcanic eruptions have risen to prominence since the December 2018 tsunami generated by the flank collapse of Anak Krakatau during a moderate eruption and then the global tsunami generated by the explosive eruption of the Hunga volcano in the Tongan Archipelago in January 2022. Both events cause fatalities and highlight the lack in tsunami warning systems to detect and warn for tsunamis induced by volcanic mechanisms. Following the Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai eruption and tsunami, an ad hoc working group on Tsunamis Generated by Volcanoes was formed by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. Volcanic tsunamis differ from seismic tsunamis in that there are a wide range of source mechanisms that can generate the tsunamis waves and this makes understanding, modelling and monitoring volcanic tsunamis much more difficult than seismic tsunamis. This paper provides a review of both the mechanisms behind volcanic tsunamis and the variety of modelling techniques that can be used to simulate their effects for tsunami hazard assessment and forecasting. It gives an example of a volcanic tsunami risk assessment undertaken for Stromboli, outlines the requirement of volcanic monitoring to warn for tsunami hazard and provides examples of volcanic tsunami warning systems in Italy, the Hawaiian Island (USA), Tonga and Indonesia. The paper finishes by highlighting the need for implementing monitoring and warning systems for volcanic tsunamis for locations with submarine volcanoes or near-shore volcanoes which could potentially generate tsunamis.

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Laboratory Experiments on Tsunamigenic Discrete Subaqueous Volcanic Eruptions. Part 1: Free Surface Disturbances

et al. 2021

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A submarine volcanic eruption has the potential to generate a dangerous local tsunami.To better understand the free surface disturbance generated by an underwater volcanic eruption, which will form the initial condition for any subsequent wave generation, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments. In these experiments, compressed air was injected into a tank filled with water to simulate an underwater eruption. The experiments were repeated over a range of different pressures and water depths. Each eruption can be divided into three phases: A momentum-driven jet, a buoyancy-driven plume, and a fountain-generation regime. Our experiments exhibit two fountain regimes (a dome regime and a finger regime), with a transition between them. These fountain regimes have been observed in several real submarine volcanic eruptions. This paper proposes a Froude number criterion to combine the water depths and source conditions together with the aspect ratios of fountains to quantify different fountain regimes. This quantitative relationship holds for two real subaqueous volcanic eruption cases (Myojin-Sho eruption in 1952 and 1996 eruption in Karymskoye Lake). The fountain of the Myojin-Sho shallow submarine eruption on September 23,1952 appears to have been in the dome regime, which means it was a relatively weak eruption. Unlike other eruptions from this volcano, which did generate tsunamis, no tsunami waves were detected on September 23 . This study contributes to an enhanced understanding of the usually unseen mechanism of free surface disturbances by volcanic gas injection during submarine eruptions.Plain Language Summary Underwater volcanic eruptions inject hot magma into cold ambient water. The interaction between magma and water creates steam explosions which can displace a large amount of water. An eruption occurring in shallow enough water and with sufficiently strong energy will be able to disturb the water surface and even initiate a tsunami. As these eruptions are hidden beneath water, their direct observation near their vents is difficult and dangerous, while the water surface disturbances are much easier and safer to measure. In order to understand the relationship between different kinds of eruptions and their disturbance of the water surface, we model underwater volcanic eruptions in the laboratory by injecting compressed air into water. We observe three main shapes of fountains on the water surface in our experiments: a) finger-like; b) dome-like; c) shapes intermediate between them. A finger-shaped fountain accompanied by a large number of splashes normally occurs at shallow-water depths and/or in an eruption with intense source strength, while a dome-shaped fountain occurs under the opposite conditions. We find a good consistency between our experimental results and field observations, which means that we are able to estimate the unseen source conditions from the observed free surface disturbances. SHEN ET AL.

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Laboratory Experiments on Tsunamigenic Discrete Subaqueous Volcanic Eruptions. Part 2: Properties of Generated Waves

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Waves Generated by Discrete and Sustained Gas Eruptions With Implications for Submarine Volcanic Tsunamis

Waves Generated by Discrete and Sustained Gas Eruptions With Implications for Submarine Volcanic Tsunamis

A Review of Tsunamis Generated by Volcanoes (TGV) Source Mechanism, Modelling, Monitoring and Warning Systems

Laboratory Experiments on Tsunamigenic Discrete Subaqueous Volcanic Eruptions. Part 1: Free Surface Disturbances

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