Laboratory Reference Intervals in Africa

Zeh, Clement; Odhiambo, Collins; Mills, Lisa

doi:10.5772/48250

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…A placebo-controlled group was deemed necessary in this research because clinical reference ranges for hematology and serum biochemistry values are not currently well-established for African children. 52 Thus, the placebo group was used as a reference when determining safety of UPSN. Doses were weighed into identical packages at the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) before the study to ensure that monitors and participants would be blinded to their treatment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Safety and Efficacy of Calcium Montmorillonite Clay (UPSN) in Children

Mitchell¹,

Kumi²,

Aleser³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Recently, an association between childhood growth stunting and aflatoxin (AF) exposure has been identified. In Ghana, homemade nutritional supplements often consist of AF-prone commodities. In this study, children were enrolled in a clinical intervention trial to determine the safety and efficacy of Uniform Particle Size NovaSil (UPSN), a refined calcium montmorillonite known to be safe in adults. Participants ingested 0.75 or 1.5 g UPSN or 1.5 g calcium carbonate placebo per day for 14 days. Hematological and serum biochemistry parameters in the UPSN groups were not significantly different from the placebo-controlled group. Importantly, there were no adverse events attributable to UPSN treatment. A significant reduction in urinary metabolite (AFM 1 ) was observed in the high-dose group compared with placebo. Results indicate that UPSN is safe for children at doses up to 1.5 g/day for a period of 2 weeks and can reduce exposure to AFs, resulting in increased quality and efficacy of contaminated foods.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Safety and Efficacy of Calcium Montmorillonite Clay (UPSN) in Children

Mitchell¹,

Kumi²,

Aleser³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Generally, reference ranges have been shown to vary between different populations due to differences in genetics, physical, environmental and socio-economic conditions and diet [11,12]. The reference values for the parameters analyzed in this study differ from those used to service the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Establishment of Reference Ranges for Liver Biochemistry Tests in Children in Meru County, Kenya

Munene¹,

Enm²,

George³

et al. 2018

Biochem Anal Biochem

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This study was aimed at determining the reference range values for eight liver function parameters that are routinely analyzed in the clinical chemistry laboratory of Meru Level 5 Hospital. The study was cross-sectional, population-based and carried out on the young population of ages one to seventeen years in Meru County, Kenya. A total of 768 samples were collected from the volunteers who participated in the study. Out of these, 740, comprising 360 females and 380 males that were found to be free from HIV, Hepatitis B and syphilis were used to construct the reference ranges. DRI -CHEM NX 500I Clinical Chemistry analyzer (Fujifilm, Europe) was used to analyze eight biochemical parameters. Determination of reference ranges was done in order to estimate the lower 2.5 and upper 97.5 percentiles of the distribution by use of parametric methods. The determined percentiles were considered the lower and upper reference limits respectively. Significant sex differences were observed in children reference values for total protein. Other parameters (alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) did not show significant sex dependent differences. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide sex-specific reference range values for children from Meru County in Kenya. The study recommends the health care practitioners and facilities in the region under study to adopt the new reference values developed and for other regions in Kenya to carry out a similar study to determine their own reference values.

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“…Reference categories for the sex category are females and for the S. haematobium infection category are uninfected PSAC. The cut off points used to categorize PSAC as having higher inflammatory biomarkers were TNF- α, IL-6 and IL-10 = 10 pg/ml, CRP = 0.5 mg/ml ( 35 , 36 ), WBC = 6000/µL, neutrophils = 1500/µL, lymphocytes = 3000/µL ( 37 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of systemic inflammation and cognitive functions of pre-school aged children residing in a Schistosoma haematobium endemic area in Zimbabwe

et al. 2023

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BackgroundCognitive function is negatively impacted by schistosomiasis and might be caused by systemic inflammation which has been hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms driving cognitive decline, This study explored the association of systemic inflammatory biomarkers; interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) and hematological parameters with cognitive performance of preschool-aged children (PSAC) from an Schistosoma haematobium endemic areaMethodsThe Griffith III tool was used to measure the cognitive performance of 136 PSAC. Whole blood and sera were collected and used to quantify levels of IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, IL-17 A and CRP using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hematological parameters using the hematology analyzer. Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between each inflammatory biomarker and cognitive performance. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether systemic inflammation due to S. haematobium infection affected cognitive performance in PSAC.ResultsHigher levels of TNF-α and IL-6, were correlated with lower performance in the Foundations of Learning domain (r = -0.30; p < 0.001 and r = -0.26; p < 0.001), respectively. Low cognitive performance in the Eye-Hand-Coordination Domain was observed in PSAC with high levels of the following inflammatory biomarkers that showed negative correlations to performance; TNF-α (r = -0.26; p < 0.001), IL-6 (r = -0.29; p < 0.001), IL-10 (r = -0.18; p < 0.04), WBC (r = -0.29; p < 0.001), neutrophils (r = -0.21; p = 0.01) and lymphocytes (r = -0.25; p = 0.003) The General Development Domain correlated with TNF-α (r = -0.28; p < 0.001) and IL-6 (r = -0.30; p < 0.001). TGF-β, L-17A and MXD had no significant correlations to performance in any of the cognitive domains. The overall general development of PSAC was negatively impacted by S. haematobium infections (OR = 7.6; p = 0.008) and (OR = 5.6; p = 0.03) where the PSAC had higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 respectively.ConclusionSystemic inflammation and S. haematobium infections are negatively associated with cognitive function. We recommend the inclusion of PSAC into mass drug treatment programs.

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Laboratory Reference Intervals in Africa

Cited by 10 publications

References 58 publications

Short-Term Safety and Efficacy of Calcium Montmorillonite Clay (UPSN) in Children

Short-Term Safety and Efficacy of Calcium Montmorillonite Clay (UPSN) in Children

Establishment of Reference Ranges for Liver Biochemistry Tests in Children in Meru County, Kenya

The association of systemic inflammation and cognitive functions of pre-school aged children residing in a Schistosoma haematobium endemic area in Zimbabwe

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