Landscape Coefficients for Single- and Mixed-species Landscapes

Pannkuk, Tim; White, Richard; Steinke, Kurt; Aitkenhead‐Peterson, Jacqueline A.; Chalmers, David Robert; Thomas, James C.

doi:10.21273/hortsci.45.10.1529

Cited by 20 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Park et al (2005) documented that the irrigation requirements for an ornamental mixed-species Florida landscape increased over time and used more water than a St. Augustinegrass turf. In Texas, Pannkuk et al (2010) showed that crop coeffi cients for water use were similar among mowed St. Augustinegrass turf, unmowed native prairie grasses [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash and Muhlenbergia capillaries (Lam.)…”

Section: Environmental and Social Issues Water Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A paucity of data exist for determining relative water use by turf compared with other landscape plants, particularly outside of arid climates. Minimizing irrigation can conserve water because at least some turfgrasses display luxury consumption of water, a characteristic that may also extend to some native grasses (Kneebone and Pepper, 1984;Pannkuk et al, 2010). Defi cit irrigation, which applies less water than the estimated loss by ET, can provide suitable quality while conserving signifi cant amounts of water and may reduce mowing needs (Fu et al, 2007).…”

Section: Environmental and Social Issues Water Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turfgrass Benefits and Issues

Stier

Steinke

Ervin

et al. 2015

Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management

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Section: Environmental and Social Issues Water Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental and Social Issues Water Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turfgrass Benefits and Issues

Stier

Steinke

Ervin

et al. 2015

Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management

Self Cite

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“…A typical approach estimates water demand as a fractional proportion of ET ref . The proportion is estimated using adjustment factors to account for species differences in water demand as well as a range of other processes and factors, such as microclimate, soil cover, and the stage of plant growth that potentially modify water flux from the landscape (Grabow et al, 2013;Pannkuk et al, 2010;Radwan et al, 2010). Although earlier approaches often included a large number of adjustment factors, more recent approaches such as the Simplified Landscape Irrigation Demand Estimator (SLIDE) use only a small number of plant factors to estimate water demand (Kjelgren, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Stress Patterns of Xerophytic Plants in an Urban Landscape

Martinson¹,

Lambrinos²,

Mata-González³

2019

horts

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Additional index words. urban landscapes, xeric, native plants, water budgeting, water potential Abstract. Efficient water use in urban landscapes is a common objective throughout the western United States. Vegetative species promoted for their drought tolerance characteristics are often included in landscapes designed for resource conservation. However, water requirements of most common landscape species have not been quantified. This is especially true for xerophytic species. This lack of landscape plant water requirement data is a significant constraint on the design of efficient irrigation systems and management practices affecting urban landscape water use. Current irrigation practices often fail to consider the unique physiology of xerophytic species, and irrigation scheduling models may not be appropriate for xeric landscapes using xerophytic vegetation as the primary method of reducing water use. This work describes the seasonal patterns of growth and xylem water status for four regionally native xeric shrub species planted in an unirrigated urban landscape in the semi-arid environment of central Oregon. The four species (Artemisia tridentata, Holodiscus microphyllus, Ericameria nauseosa, and Ribes cereum) exhibited substantial growth over the course of 18 months without irrigation in a heavily modified urban soil profile. Water potential of the four species was strongly correlated with surface (10 cm) soil moisture (r ‡ 0.90), less so with reference monthly evapotranspiration (r £ 0.55), and only weakly with water vapor deficit (r £ 0.22). In A. tridentata and H. microphyllus, xylem water potential became more negative during the growing season and tracked the seasonal decline in soil moisture. In contrast, the xylem water potential of E. nauseosa and R. cereum tracked soil moisture early in the season but became less responsive to soil moisture in the driest months, suggesting different drought adaptation strategies in these species. Three of the four species showed no visual signs of drought stress and maintained acceptable aesthetics even as soil moisture decreased to less than 10%. However, R. cereum exhibited a drought dormancy strategy that made it less aesthetically desirable. These results suggest that extreme xerophytic shrubs provide an opportunity for significant reductions in water use in urban landscapes.

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“…Improvements to this approach are certainly needed, particularly in the area of determining empirically based water-loss coefficients (i.e. Plant Factors) for urban tree and woody vegetation (Pannuk et al, 2010). Accurate measurements of under-canopy turf grass are difficult to obtain, but could improve confidence model results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting urban forest growth and its impact on residential landscape water demand in a semiarid urban environment

Lowry

Ramsey

Kjelgren

2011

Urban Forestry & Urban Greening

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a b s t r a c tWe present an innovative approach to estimating residential irrigation water demand for a large metropolitan area using GIS data, weather station data, and a water budget modeling approach commonly used by plant scientists and landscape management professionals. An important question addressed by our study is how a growing urban forest affects the overall irrigation water demand of a semiarid metropolitan area. To estimate the amount of water required by residential landscaping, we consider water demand to be a function of the areal extent of residential landscaping (i.e. tree/shrub or turf grass), the water-loss rate for different landscaping types, the efficiency with which the landscape is irrigated, and local climatic factors (i.e. reference evapotranspiration and precipitation). We estimated irrigation water demand for 542 residential neighborhoods in Salt Lake County, UT, USA for 2005. To investigate the effects of a maturing urban forest on water demand, we used simultaneous autoregression (SAR) models to predict the spatial extent of future forest canopy and future exposed turf grass in residential neighborhoods. For both the forest canopy model and the turf grass model we used the median age of housing stock as the dependent variable. Psuedo R 2 were 0.70 and 0.82 for the tree/shrub canopy and turf grass models, respectively. Based on projected areal extents of tree/shrub canopy, exposed turf grass, and turf grass under canopy, we estimated future water demands for the 542 residential neighborhoods. Our predictive model suggests that as urban tree canopy increases in residential urban areas, exposed turf grass decreases, with a net effect of a slight decrease in residential landscape water demand. This can be explained by the relative differences in water lost through evapotranspiration by different landscape types, namely; trees/shrub (i.e. woody plants), exposed turf grass, and turf grass under tree canopy.

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Landscape Coefficients for Single- and Mixed-species Landscapes

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Turfgrass Benefits and Issues

Turfgrass Benefits and Issues

Water Stress Patterns of Xerophytic Plants in an Urban Landscape

Predicting urban forest growth and its impact on residential landscape water demand in a semiarid urban environment

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