Landslides in Eastern Honshu Induced by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

Wartman, Joseph; Dunham, Lisa; Tiwari, Binod; Pradel, Daniel

doi:10.1785/0120120128

Cited by 83 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The earthquake triggered at least 1,218 landslides (Serey et al, ). This number is lower than the 3,477 landslides estimated for the Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐Oki megathrust event (Wartman et al, ) and much lower than for shallow, smaller magnitude crustal earthquakes such as the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake (with close to 200,000 landslides; Fan et al, ) or the 1999 Mw 7.3 Chi Chi earthquake (with >10,000 landslides; e.g., Khazai & Sitar, ). The landslides induced by the Maule earthquake were mostly disrupted landslides such as shallow slides and rock falls, according to Keefer's () classification of coseismic landslides.…”

Section: The Maule Earthquakementioning

confidence: 71%

Suspended Sediments in Chilean Rivers Reveal Low Postseismic Erosion After the Maule Earthquake (Mw 8.8) During a Severe Drought

et al. 2019

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We address the question of whether all large‐magnitude earthquakes produce an erosion peak in the subaerial components of fluvial catchments. We evaluate the sediment flux response to the Maule earthquake in the Chilean Andes (Mw 8.8) using daily suspended sediment records from 31 river gauges. The catchments cover drainage areas of 350 to around 10,000 km2, including a wide range of topographic slopes and vegetation cover of the Andean western flank. We compare the 3‐ to 8‐year postseismic record of sediment flux to each of the following preseismic periods: (1) all preseismic data, (2) a 3‐year period prior to the seismic event, and (3) the driest preseismic periods, as drought conditions prevailed in the postseismic period. Following the earthquake, no increases in suspended sediment flux were observed for moderate to high percentiles of the streamflow distribution (mean, median, and ≥75th percentile). However, more than half of the examined stations showed increased sediment flux during baseflow. By using a Random Forest approach, we evaluate the contributions of seismic intensities, peak ground accelerations, co‐seismic landslides, hydroclimatic conditions, topography, lithology, and land cover to explain the observed changes in suspended sediment concentration and fluxes. We find that the best predictors are hillslope gradient, low‐vegetation cover, and changes in streamflow discharge. This finding suggests a combined first‐order control of topography, land cover, and hydrology on the catchment‐wide erosion response. We infer a reduced sediment connectivity due to the postseismic drought, which increased the residence time of sediment detached and remobilized following the Maule earthquake.

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Section: The Maule Earthquakementioning

confidence: 71%

Suspended Sediments in Chilean Rivers Reveal Low Postseismic Erosion After the Maule Earthquake (Mw 8.8) During a Severe Drought

et al. 2019

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“…Two seismograms were used to reduce the possibility that idiosyncrasies in either record would skew test results and interpretation thereof. The Tohoku earthquake triggered fewer landslides than expected for an earthquake of M 9.0 [ Wartman et al ., ]. However, newly formed and reactivated landslides in Tertiary sedimentary rock were among the most common [ Miyagi et al ., ; Higaki and Abe , ; Wartman et al ., ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual shear strength variability as a primary control on movement of landslides reactivated by earthquake‐induced ground motion: Implications for coastal Oregon, U.S.

Schulz

Wang

2014

JGR Earth Surface

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Most large seismogenic landslides are reactivations of preexisting landslides with basal shear zones in the residual strength condition. Residual shear strength often varies during rapid displacement, but the response of residual shear zones to seismic loading is largely unknown. We used a ring shear apparatus to perform simulated seismic loading tests, constant displacement rate tests, and tests during which shear stress was gradually varied on specimens from two landslides to improve understanding of coseismic landslide reactivation and to identify shear strength models valid for slow gravitational failure through rapid coseismic failure. The landslides we studied represent many along the Oregon, U.S., coast. Seismic loading tests resulted in (1) catastrophic failure involving unbounded displacement when stresses represented those for the existing landslides and (2) limited to unbounded displacement when stresses represented those for hypothetical dormant landslides, suggesting that coseismic landslide reactivation may be significant during future great earthquakes occurring near the Oregon Coast. Constant displacement rate tests indicated that shear strength decreased exponentially during the first few decimeters of displacement but increased logarithmically with increasing displacement rate when sheared at 0.001 cm s À1 or greater. Dynamic shear resistance estimated from shear strength models correlated well with stresses observed during seismic loading tests, indicating that displacement rate and amount primarily controlled failure characteristics. We developed a stress-based approach to estimate coseismic landslide displacement that utilizes the variable shear strength model. The approach produced results that compared favorably to observations made during seismic loading tests, indicating its utility for application to landslides.

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“…Probability values for the 2011 Honshu earthquake (a deep subduction earthquake) are lower than for the shallow continental earthquakes in our dataset. The observation that subduction earthquakes trigger fewer landslides as compared to shallow continental events has been made previously (Wartman et al, 2013, Marc et al, 2016, attributed to a more significant attenuation of seismic waves. Our result suggests this is not explained by weaker peak ground accelerations alone, as has been hypothesized (ibid.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Our technique for extracting landslide source areas is insensitive to all but the most severe amalgamation effects, where landslide polygons link across and along valley bottoms, spanning an unrealistic elevation ranges. To minimise this, all landslide inventories used have been checked and corrected for any severe amalgamation effects (Marc et al, 2016, Li et al, 2014, Wartman et al, 2013. As our model is also 10 based on predicting the areal coverage of landslide source zones, rather than the characteristics of individual landslides, this sensitivity is also of lesser importance.…”

Section: Landslide Datasetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial prediction of earthquake-induced landslide probability

Parker

Rosser

Hales

2017

Preprint

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Abstract.We developed a generalized model to describe and predict the spatial distribution of earthquake-induced landslides, based on a regression analysis of 9 co-seismic landslide inventories from different earthquakes and regions. Our model expresses the absolute spatial probability of landslides as a function of peak ground acceleration and hillslope gradient, based on data from global topographic and seismic ground motion datasets. The output from our model predicts probabilities for landslides triggered in sedimentary, meta-sedimentary, igneous and volcanic lithology, and is applicable to 10 shallow continental earthquakes of moment magnitude range 6.2 to 7.9, and depths between 10 and 21 km. To obtain absolute probability predictions, we use only landslide source areas as input data, and explicitly estimate and correct for known incompleteness in input datasets, through a novel Monte Carlo approach. We estimate the uncertainty of these predictions, through extensive testing of the performance of the model, when making out-of-sample predictions for all 9 earthquakes. Our model is notably simpler than others developed to predict spatial probability of landsliding, as we have 15 only included variables that could be constrained consistently at the global-scale, and eliminated those that did not influence landslide probability in a consistent manner across all earthquakes in our dataset. The model outputs also provide a baseline to further investigate spatial and temporal sources of unexplained variability in co-seismic landslide distributions. Using freely available topographic and ground motion data, we suggest that our model can be applied more widely, to provide landslide predictions for earthquakes with no landslide data. 20

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Landslides in Eastern Honshu Induced by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

Cited by 83 publications

References 35 publications

Suspended Sediments in Chilean Rivers Reveal Low Postseismic Erosion After the Maule Earthquake (Mw 8.8) During a Severe Drought

Suspended Sediments in Chilean Rivers Reveal Low Postseismic Erosion After the Maule Earthquake (Mw 8.8) During a Severe Drought

Residual shear strength variability as a primary control on movement of landslides reactivated by earthquake‐induced ground motion: Implications for coastal Oregon, U.S.

Spatial prediction of earthquake-induced landslide probability

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