“…At the second time point, participants also reported lower VAS scores in terms of the perceived amount of care demonstrated by ED staff as well as how informed they felt the nursing and medical staff kept them throughout their stay. The differences between phone-based interpretation and the other communication modalities could be due to the less personalized feel of using remote telephonic technology throughout the clinical encounter (Estrada & Messias, 2018; Schenker, Lo, Ettinger, & Fernandez, 2008). Phone-based interpretation tends to be shorter in length of time (Locatis et al, 2010) and could impede providers from establishing rapport with this specific patient population because of the less fluid style of communication in comparison to having a videoconference interpreter or another person physically present (i.e., a bilingual staff or family member) (Price, Pérez-Stable, Nickleach, López, & Karliner, 2012).…”