Lanthanide-based nanostructures for optical bioimaging: Small particles with large promise

Abstract

Abstract

An overview of nanoparticles commonly used in fluorescent bioimaging

“…140 Moreover, they are fairly biocompatible and -if small enoughcell permeable. 141 They are not known to be toxic and easily excreted. They usually are weakly interacting with proteins but can be well conjugated to them.…”

Designing highly emissive over-1000 nm near-infrared fluorescent dye-loaded polystyrene-based nanoparticles for in vivo deep imaging

“…[1][2][3] In the last decade, there has been growing interest in over-thousand-nanometer near-infrared (OTN-NIR) uorescence imaging to enable live and dynamic observations of deep tissues. [4][5][6] Research on OTN-NIR uorescence imaging has been pursued for both the development of systems for high-precision and multidimensional imaging as well as the development of functional uorescent probes. 7 Various nanomaterials have been developed as OTN-NIR uorophores, such as rare-earth-doped ceramic nanoparticles, [8][9][10][11][12] carbon nanotubes, [13][14][15][16][17] quantum dots, 18,19 and organic dye-based phosphors including novel organic dyes, [20][21][22][23] dye molecular aggregations, [24][25][26][27][28] dye-encapsulated micelles and so nanoparticles (NPs), [29][30][31][32]35,36,44 dye-conjugated peptides, 33 and dye-loaded silicaa NPs.…”

Hyperspectral Imaging and Optical Trapping: Complementary Tools for Assessing Direction‐Dependent Polarized Emission from Single Upconverting LiYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ Microparticles

“…[ 15 ] In addition to being characterized by good photostability and the absence of the undesirable blinking associated with quantum dots, the NIR‐excited upconversion of RE 3+ ‐based phosphors is particularly suitable for biomedical applications because it yields lower background autofluorescence and higher signal‐to‐noise ratios. [ 16,17 ] Nevertheless, in order to ensure that the optical read‐out (providing the sought‐after information about, e.g., biological systems) is reliable, understanding of the underlying photophysical processes at a single‐particle level is of outmost importance. Hence, experimental techniques that enable comprehensive spectroscopic investigation at a single‐particle level are instrumental in this pursuit.…”