Laparoscopic and Robotic Reconstructive Surgery of the Ureter

Laparoscopic extravesical ureteric re‐implantation

“…Initial experiences described challenges with exposure of the ureter, frequent iatrogenic trauma, difficult visualisation in the deep retropubic space and long operative durations [3–5]. Furthermore, the separation of the urothelium from the detrusor is difficult laparoscopically because an adequately distended bladder protrudes into the limited pelvic working space and hinders the laparoscopic dissection [6]. Additionally, the ability to adequately retract the incised detrusor edges to create a wider trough is limited because of the exposure and angles at which the instruments enter the abdomen [6].…”