Large area perovskite solar cell module

Cai, Longhua; Liang, Lusheng; Wu, Jifeng; Ding, Bin; Gao, Lili; Fan, Bin

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/014006

Cited by 100 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In Figure 6b, this progress is shown for the coating and printing techniques discussed in this work. : [30,31,33,51,59,61,62,64,72,73,87,92,93,95,99,104,115,118,121,123,125,132,136]). From an application perspective the PCE should be reported with respect to the aperture area, but in several early studies the PCE is provided with regard to the active area instead.…”

Section: State-of-the-art Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

et al. 2019

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optoelectronic devices, a novel lowcost and highly efficient photovoltaic (PV) material emerged. Only 10 years after the first reported perovskite solar cells (PSCs), power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 23% were certified, exceeding those of much longer established thin-film PV technologies, including organic photovoltaics (OPV) and inorganic thin-film PV based on copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe). [1] The material class of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites combines excellent optoelectronic properties, such as long diffusion lengths [2] and short absorption lengths, [3] with the ease of solution processing, low energy payback times, and low-cost precursor materials. [4] Moreover, the optoelectronic properties and the material stability can be engineered by varying the constituents in the perovskite crystal structure ABX 3 . For example, the bandgap (E G ) can be tuned by changing the stoichiometric ratio of Br and I at the halogen anion site X. [5][6][7] In order to improve the stability of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites, compositional engineering of the cation site A was demonstrated to be successful via combining methylammonium (CH 3 NH 3 + or MA + ), formamidinium (CH 5 N 2 + or FA + ), Cs + , and Rb + ions in the so-called multi-cation perovskites. [8][9][10][11] Three key challenges hinder today the economical breakthrough of PSCs:Stability: First, the instability of PSCs against moisture, oxygen, light, and temperature limits the lifetime of PSCs to a fraction of the warranty lifetime (often >25 years) of the market dominating crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV. [12] Very respectable progress has been made over recent years to enhance the stability of PSCs by demonstrating stability over 1000 h, but significant further advances in terms of stability are needed to lift the technology to a level where it is ready to compete with, or be a bolt-on tandem companion to the current PV heavyweight of c-Si. A number of reviews cover recent developments on the topic of stability. [13][14][15][16][17] Toxicity: Second, highly efficient PSCs still contain lead, the toxicity of which hampers the acceptance of the technology and could conflict with legislative barriers. [18] Other recent reviews present progress with respect to this challenge. [19,20] Upscaling: Third, the upscaling of perovskite PV devices to commercial PV module sizes (>1 m 2 ) must be achieved. To date, the vast majority of research and development of PSCs is still Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite semiconductors provide opportunities and challenges for the fabrication of low-cost thin-film photovoltaic devices. The opportunities are clear: the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of small-area perovskite photovoltaics has surpassed many established thin-film technologies. However, the large-scale solution-based deposition of perovskite layers introduces challenges. To form perovskite layers, precursor solutions are coated or printed and these must then be crystallized into the perovskite structur...

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Section: State-of-the-art Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

et al. 2019

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“…The ultimate goal of the PSC research community is to realize device commercialization with a large area . Modules of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have been fabricated by numerous research groups and companies, using techniques such as screen printing, inkjet printing, slot die printing, spray coating, doctor blading, vacuum evaporation, and roll‐to‐roll printing compatible to flexible substrates, together with carbon‐based HTL‐free PSCs to address stability issues with low cost.…”

Section: Toward Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Recent Progress of All‐Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskites and Solar Cells

2019

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perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) have reached a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.2% in 2019, [19] which is comparable with that of copper indiumgallium diselenide (CIGS) [20] and siliconbased solar cells.The general chemical formula of a perovskite compound can be described as ABX 3 , where A is a monovalent cation (methylammonium (CH 3 NH 3 + (MA + )), formamidinium (CH(NH 2 ) 2 + (FA + )), cesium, etc.), B is a divalent metal cation (Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , etc.), and X is occupied by a halide counterion (Cl − , Br − , and I − ). It is possible to form mixed compounds with respect to each site. The commercialization of hybrid perovskites requires materials that are thermodynamically stable and can withstand various thermal stressing tests, including natural daynight cycling and exposure to full sunlight. The organic parts in perovskites (such as MA + or FA + ) cannot endure high temperature and thus presents a longterm stability issue for devices under operation. Among the various degradation and decomposition pathways of hybrid perovskite, which depend on environmental factors such as humidity and illumination, a common theme is the low thermal stability of these perovskites, even in inert atmosphere. [21][22][23] For example, release of CH 3 NH 2 has been reported in MA-based perovskite films at temperatures of 80 °C, indicating decomposition of MA. [24] However, standard operational conditions for photovoltaics require materials and devices to be stable at this temperature. Therefore, the replacement of the organic parts by inorganic components (Cs + ) is expected to dramatically increase the long-term stability. [23,25,26] It has been widely reported that even a small amount of cesium can greatly enhance the thermal stability of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. [27,28] For example, FA 0.83 Cs 0.17 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4 ) 3 demonstrates both thermal and moisture stability, and stability to operation in the presence of oxygen. [29] An early report by Hodes [30] shows that thin films of the inorganic perovskite CsPbBr 3 can be prepared with a two-step method. The solar cells employing these layers yield an impressive high open circuit voltage (V oc ) of 1.32 V. These results, as the authors emphasize, indicate that the organic moiety is not an essential component in constructing high-performance perovskite materials and devices. Since then, with numerous publications each year, the inorganic PSCs research community is keeping highly active, including novel deposition methods All-inorganic perovskites are considered to be one of the most appealing research hotspots in the field of perovskite photovoltaics in the past 3 years due to their superior thermal stability compared to their organic-inorganic hybrid counterparts. The power-conversion efficiency has reached 17.06% and the number of important publications is ever increasing. Here, the progress of inorganic perovskites is systematically highlighted, covering materials design, preparation of high-quality perovskite films, and avoidance of phase in...

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“…Mater. [69] The published reports describe the sequential two-step slot-die [70][71][72] and single-step slot-diecoated perovskite layers [71,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79] and fully slot-die-coated heterostructures. Coating properties depend on the wet film thickness, chemistry, and stable microfluidic boundary conditions affected by the geometry.…”

Section: Perovskite Deposition Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coating properties depend on the wet film thickness, chemistry, and stable microfluidic boundary conditions affected by the geometry. Morphology and performance for single-step systems varies between reports; however, both air and vacuum quenching [73,[76][77][78] are promising and with the deposited films having good morphology when deposited from DMF-based systems. In this way, composition changes due to solvent evaporation loss can be mitigated.…”

Section: Perovskite Deposition Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Slot-die 1 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MaPbI-Cl/PCBM/Ag 0.12 2.9% [75] Slot-die with vacuum quench 1 FTO/ZnO/MaPbI 3 /Carbon 1-17.6 15.1% [76] Slot-die with air quench 1 ITO/ZnO/MaPbI 3 /Bifluo/MoO 3 /Ag 0.0672 12.73% [77] Slot-die with air quench 1 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MaPbI-Cl/C60/PCBM/BCP/Ag 0.01-10 13.30% [78] Slot-die 1 ITO/TiO 2 /MaPbI-Cl/Spiro/Au 0.09-168 14.1%* [79] Slot-die and dipping 2 ITO/ZnO/MaPbI 3 /Bifluo/Ag 0.1 14.75% [72] Slot-die 1 ITO/SnO 2 /MaPbI-Cl/Spori/Au 0.06 15.2%* [80] Slot-die 2 ITO/ZnO/MAPbI 3 /P 3 HT/Au 1 3.6% [81] Slot-die 2 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbI 3 /PCBM/BCP/Ag 0.15 9.38% [82] Slot-die 1 ITO/SnO 2 /CsFAPbIBr/Spiro/Au 0.04 13.9%* [83] Samples with * are stabilized power conversion efficiency. All others are maximum.…”

Section: Vapor Deposition Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

Swartwout

Hoerantner

Bulović

2019

Energy & Environ Materials

196

179

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The recent steady improvements in the performance of the nascent hybrid perovskite photovoltaic (PV) devices have led to power conversion efficiencies that rival the best-performing established PV technologies. However, to scale these laboratory demonstrations to PV module-scale production will require development of scalable deposition methods for perovskite thin films. Every record result for perovskite PVs so far was achieved via spin coating, a technique that is popular in research laboratories for thin-film coating over relatively small device areas, but not considered to be a method that could be used to scale up the manufacturing of perovskite PVs. Significantly larger thin-film areas are needed for future commercial PV products. Hence, some researchers have focused their efforts on perovskite deposition techniques that can be considered as scalable for mass production and have achieved notable results even on large areas. Here, we present an overview of the solution-based and vapor-based deposition processes; we explain their influence on the molecular crystal growth behavior of perovskite thin films and discuss the morphology as well as other material quality characteristics. By presenting a comprehensive comparison of the deposition techniques and the corresponding performance parameters for different device sizes, we intent to guide the growing research community through the methods that might enable mass production of perovskite solar products.

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Large area perovskite solar cell module

Cited by 100 publications

References 7 publications

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

Review on Recent Progress of All‐Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskites and Solar Cells

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

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