Large-Scale Mode Impacts on the Sea Level over the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

Alawad, Kamal A.; Al-Subhi, Abdullah M.; Alsaafani, Mohammed A.; Alraddadi, Turki M.; Ionita, Mónica; Lohmann, Gerrit

doi:10.3390/rs11192224

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…That is consistent with previous studies (Alawad et al, 2019), where, they concluded the close relationship between sea level in the Arabian Sea and ENSO phenomenon during the period of 1993-2017 by using the satellite altimetry. The results indicate the dominance of the negative phase of the IOD and ENSO on the coasts of the Arabian Sea, and this contradicts what it reached in the past.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The reason may be due to the difference in the two study periods between the records of measuring the tides that extend for long periods that may reach in some stations for more than 50 years and the satellite altimetry data that was created from the end of in 1992. The results may be affected by the strong La Niña event that occurred in 1999-2001 (Alawad et al, 2019). It is known that the negative phase of IOD means that the sea surface temperature is cooler than normal in the western Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impacts of ENSO and IOD on the MSL of The Arabian Gulf and The Arabian Sea by Using Satellite Altimetry Data

2020

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The main objective for the current research is to determine the linear trends of the mean sea level (MSL) resulting from the influence of the Southern Oscillation of El Niño (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), which have increased in recent times due to increased global warming using satellite altimetry of MSL data. Statistical time series technique has been used. The standard ordinary univariate and bivariate linear regression method as well as Pearson correlation were used. Linear trends for the positive phase of IOD were detected on mean sea level while no linear trends of ENSO were detected in the Arabian Gulf. On the other side, linear trends of the negative phases of IOD and ENSO were detected on mean sea level in the Arabian Sea over the period 1993-2013. It is most important for climate research to provide accurate predictions of sea level rise in the coming years and plan the activities to lessen the disasters before they happen.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impacts of ENSO and IOD on the MSL of The Arabian Gulf and The Arabian Sea by Using Satellite Altimetry Data

2020

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“…In spite of these results, the role of large-scale tropical climate modes cannot be ignored, where the RS has direct water exchange with Indian Ocean. Furthermore, recent findings prove the great influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on sea level [ 47 – 49 ] and chlorophyll concentration [ 50 ] in the basin thorough oceanic and atmospheric teleconnections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decadal variability and recent summer warming amplification of the sea surface temperature in the Red Sea

et al. 2020

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Under climate change, regional Sea Surface Temperature (SST) changes are a crucial factor affecting marine ecosystems, which thrive only within a certain thermal limit. Thirty-seven years of monthly gridded Optimum Interpolation SST data from 1982 to 2017 were used to investigate the decadal variability of this parameter in the Red Sea during the summer season, in relation to large-scale climate variability. We identified a non-uniform warming trend beginning around the mid-1990s over the whole basin, with a predominant amplified warming over the northern half (0.04°C year -1 ), which is approximately four times higher than the global warming trend, but much weaker warming over southern end (0.01°C year -1 ). It was found that the Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Silk Road Pattern (SRP) are shaping the RS SST, since their phase shift concurs with the timing of the significant non-uniform warming over the basin. The AMO triggers the SRP-related vertical and horizontal temperature advection that leads to opposite changes in the SST. We suggest that warming is amplified over the basin due to an overlap with global warming signals. Our results have important implications for interannual and decadal SST predictions based on the predictability of AMO and SRP patterns.

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“…Previous investigations of sea level variability in the Red Sea on time scales from days to decades largely emphasize the role of more local forcing (Abdelrahman 1997;Churchill et al 2018;Cromwell and Smeed 1998;Osman 1984;Patzert 1974;Sofianos and Johns 2001;Sultan and Elghribi 2003;Sultan et al 1995bSultan et al ,c, 1996. However, recent work by Alawad et al (2017Alawad et al ( , 2019 suggests that mean sea level variability in the Red Sea is partly related to large-scale modes of climate variability. These authors reason that this relationship is mediated by westward propagation of off-equatorial Rossby waves originating in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraseasonal Sea Level Variability in the Persian Gulf

Piecuch

Fukumori

Ponte

2021

Journal of Physical Oceanography

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Satellite observations are used to establish the dominant magnitudes, scales, and mechanisms of intraseasonal variability in ocean dynamic sea level () in the Persian Gulf over 2002–2015. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis applied to altimetry data reveals a basin-wide, single-signed intraseasonal fluctuation that contributes importantly to variance in the Persian Gulf at monthly to decadal timescales. An EOF analysis of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations over the same period returns a similar large-scale mode of intraseasonal variability, suggesting that the basin-wide intraseasonal variation has a predominantly barotropic nature. A linear barotropic theory is developed to interpret the data. The theory represents Persian-Gulf-average () in terms of local freshwater flux, barometric pressure, and wind stress forcing, as well as at the boundary in the Gulf of Oman. The theory is tested using a multiple linear regression with these freshwater flux, barometric pressure, wind stress, and boundary quantities as input, and as output. The regression explains 70%±79% (95% confidence interval) of the intraseasonal variance. Numerical values of regression coefficients computed empirically from the data are consistent with theoretical expectations from first principles. Results point to a substantial non-isostatic response to surface loading. The Gulf of Oman boundary condition shows lagged correlation with upstream along the Indian Subcontinent, Maritime Continent, and equatorial Indian Ocean, suggesting a large-scale Indian-Ocean influence on intraseasonal variation mediated by coastal and equatorial waves, and hinting at potential predictability. This study highlights the value of GRACE for understanding sea level in an understudied marginal sea.

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Large-Scale Mode Impacts on the Sea Level over the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

Cited by 17 publications

References 61 publications

The Impacts of ENSO and IOD on the MSL of The Arabian Gulf and The Arabian Sea by Using Satellite Altimetry Data

The Impacts of ENSO and IOD on the MSL of The Arabian Gulf and The Arabian Sea by Using Satellite Altimetry Data

Decadal variability and recent summer warming amplification of the sea surface temperature in the Red Sea

Intraseasonal Sea Level Variability in the Persian Gulf

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