Large‐scale, multidecade monitoring data from kelp forest ecosystems in <scp>California</scp> and <scp>Oregon</scp> (<scp>USA</scp>)

Malone, Daniel P.; Davis, Kathryn; Lonhart, Steve I.; Parsons-Field, A; Caselle, Jennifer E.; Carr, Mark H.

doi:10.1002/ecy.3630

Cited by 19 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in DataONE from the following resources: Brooks et al (2022), https://search.dataone.org/view/urn%3Auuid%3Af843f110-e691-4d26-bf12-3854a4b641cd; Cieri et al (2022), https://opc.dataone.org/view/urn%3Auuid%3A7353f779-b722-4064-8074-3e9c651ed38e; Malone et al (2022), https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3630; MARINe et al (2022), https://doi.org/10.6085/AA/marine_cbs.5.5. All source code is available in GitHub at https://github.com/NCEAS/ca-mpa.…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 55%

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A marine protected area network does not confer community structure resilience to a marine heatwave across coastal ecosystems

Smith

Free

Lopazanski

et al. 2023

Global Change Biology

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) have gained attention as a conservation tool for enhancing ecosystem resilience to climate change. However, empirical evidence explicitly linking MPAs to enhanced ecological resilience is limited and mixed. To better understand whether MPAs can buffer climate impacts, we tested the resistance and recovery of marine communities to the 2014–2016 Northeast Pacific heatwave in the largest scientifically designed MPA network in the world off the coast of California, United States. The network consists of 124 MPAs (48 no‐take state marine reserves, and 76 partial‐take or special regulation conservation areas) implemented at different times, with full implementation completed in 2012. We compared fish, benthic invertebrate, and macroalgal community structure inside and outside of 13 no‐take MPAs across rocky intertidal, kelp forest, shallow reef, and deep reef nearshore habitats in California's Central Coast region from 2007 to 2020. We also explored whether MPA features, including age, size, depth, proportion rock, historic fishing pressure, habitat diversity and richness, connectivity, and fish biomass response ratios (proxy for ecological performance), conferred climate resilience for kelp forest and rocky intertidal habitats spanning 28 MPAs across the full network. Ecological communities dramatically shifted due to the marine heatwave across all four nearshore habitats, and MPAs did not facilitate habitat‐wide resistance or recovery. Only in protected rocky intertidal habitats did community structure significantly resist marine heatwave impacts. Community shifts were associated with a pronounced decline in the relative proportion of cold water species and an increase in warm water species. MPA features did not explain resistance or recovery to the marine heatwave. Collectively, our findings suggest that MPAs have limited ability to mitigate the impacts of marine heatwaves on community structure. Given that mechanisms of resilience to climate perturbations are complex, there is a clear need to expand assessments of ecosystem‐wide consequences resulting from acute climate‐driven perturbations, and the potential role of regulatory protection in mitigating community structure changes.

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Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Therefore, we elected to use a taxonomic abundance‐based approach to compare changes in community structure. All analyses were conducted using published data for each habitat (Brooks et al, 2022; Cieri et al, 2022; Malone et al, 2022; MARINe et al, 2022).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A marine protected area network does not confer community structure resilience to a marine heatwave across coastal ecosystems

Smith

Free

Lopazanski

et al. 2023

Global Change Biology

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“…This incredible level of recovery versus the historical mean canopy (~480%) represents one of the few areas with increasing kelp canopy during the marine heatwave events. As there are fewer subtidal monitoring programs in Oregon compared to California [ 65 ], more work is needed to understand the spatial drivers of kelp forest dynamics across Oregon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kelpwatch: A new visualization and analysis tool to explore kelp canopy dynamics reveals variable response to and recovery from marine heatwaves

et al. 2023

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Giant kelp and bull kelp forests are increasingly at risk from marine heatwave events, herbivore outbreaks, and the loss or alterations in the behavior of key herbivore predators. The dynamic floating canopy of these kelps is well-suited to study via satellite imagery, which provides high temporal and spatial resolution data of floating kelp canopy across the western United States and Mexico. However, the size and complexity of the satellite image dataset has made ecological analysis difficult for scientists and managers. To increase accessibility of this rich dataset, we created Kelpwatch, a web-based visualization and analysis tool. This tool allows researchers and managers to quantify kelp forest change in response to disturbances, assess historical trends, and allow for effective and actionable kelp forest management. Here, we demonstrate how Kelpwatch can be used to analyze long-term trends in kelp canopy across regions, quantify spatial variability in the response to and recovery from the 2014 to 2016 marine heatwave events, and provide a local analysis of kelp canopy status around the Monterey Peninsula, California. We found that 18.6% of regional sites displayed a significant trend in kelp canopy area over the past 38 years and that there was a latitudinal response to heatwave events for each kelp species. The recovery from heatwave events was more variable across space, with some local areas like Bahía Tortugas in Baja California Sur showing high recovery while kelp canopies around the Monterey Peninsula continued a slow decline and patchy recovery compared to the rest of the Central California region. Kelpwatch provides near real time spatial data and analysis support and makes complex earth observation data actionable for scientists and managers, which can help identify areas for research, monitoring, and management efforts.

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“…From 2017 to 2020, the Partnership for the Interdisciplinary Study of Coastal Oceans (PISCO) conducted fish community surveys on rocky reefs shallower than 25 m at South Pt. SMR and Anacapa Island SMR/SMCA (Malone et al., 2022). Between July and November, PISCO divers characterised fish community structure across three levels of the water column: benthic, midwater and kelp canopy (if present).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correspondence among multiple methods provides confidence when measuring marine protected area effects for species and assemblages

Honeyman,

Carlson,

Jainese

et al. 2023

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) have become a popular tool utilised across global oceans to achieve a variety of conservation goals. Because the reasons for MPA implementation can differ, it is imperative that resource managers design and execute management strategies that allow them to effectively assess MPA performance relative to the goals they set. We compared three MPA monitoring techniques commonly utilised to survey groundfish populations across different depth strata of temperate rocky reef habitat: underwater visual census (0–20 m), scientific hook and line fishing (10–50 m) and baited remote underwater video (30–100 m). We compared the strength and direction of standardised metrics, including response ratios, diversity indices and community structure, examining results through the lens of MPA performance. While each of our monitoring techniques detected similar MPA effects on groundfish biomass and density aggregated across species, MPA effects for individual species varied across methods. Each technique was shown to survey distinct groundfish community assemblages with varying levels of species diversity and richness. Synthesis and applications. While each technique was found to measure similar general trends in marine protected area (MPA) performance over time, we found compelling evidence that the utilization of multiple techniques allows managers to create the most comprehensive, effective and inclusive MPA monitoring regimes.

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Large‐scale, multidecade monitoring data from kelp forest ecosystems in California and Oregon (USA)

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

A marine protected area network does not confer community structure resilience to a marine heatwave across coastal ecosystems

A marine protected area network does not confer community structure resilience to a marine heatwave across coastal ecosystems

Kelpwatch: A new visualization and analysis tool to explore kelp canopy dynamics reveals variable response to and recovery from marine heatwaves

Correspondence among multiple methods provides confidence when measuring marine protected area effects for species and assemblages

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