Large Volume Electron Microscopy and Neural Microcircuit Analysis

Kubota, Yoshihiro; Sohn, Jaerin; Kawaguchi, Yasuo

doi:10.3389/fncir.2018.00098

Cited by 69 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Classical EM techniques had clear limitations with respect to efficiency and the use of fixation and staining methods that might not always represent axonal structure in all accuracy. New techniques such as large-volume EM or cryo-electron tomography ( Kubota et al, 2018 ; Xu et al, 2017 ; Chakraborty et al, 2020 ) provide ever-improving means to drive the discovery processes toward good understanding of axon structure, which will eventually have important implications for work on neuronal pathologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoskeletal organization of axons in vertebrates and invertebrates

Prokop

2020

Journal of Cell Biology

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The maintenance of axons for the lifetime of an organism requires an axonal cytoskeleton that is robust but also flexible to adapt to mechanical challenges and to support plastic changes of axon morphology. Furthermore, cytoskeletal organization has to adapt to axons of dramatically different dimensions, and to their compartment-specific requirements in the axon initial segment, in the axon shaft, at synapses or in growth cones. To understand how the cytoskeleton caters to these different demands, this review summarizes five decades of electron microscopic studies. It focuses on the organization of microtubules and neurofilaments in axon shafts in both vertebrate and invertebrate neurons, as well as the axon initial segments of vertebrate motor- and interneurons. Findings from these ultrastructural studies are being interpreted here on the basis of our contemporary molecular understanding. They strongly suggest that axon architecture in animals as diverse as arthropods and vertebrates is dependent on loosely cross-linked bundles of microtubules running all along axons, with only minor roles played by neurofilaments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoskeletal organization of axons in vertebrates and invertebrates

Prokop

2020

Journal of Cell Biology

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“…For example, a 2-week reduction in physical activity levels causes a decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness (Bowden Davies, 2018) and a week of sedentary behavior, which leads to impairment in mood and depression (Edwards and Loprinzi, 2016). Also, sedentary behavior, for example, screen time, is a vital risk factor for venous thromboembolism (Kubota et al, 2018). However, the regular practice of physical activity and decreased levels of sedentarism are associated with reduced risk for morbidity and mortality (Ekelund et al, 2019).…”

Section: Exercise Is Medicine For Health Promotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Exercise and Immune System in the Elderly: Implications and Importance in COVID-19 Pandemic Period

et al. 2020

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Physical exercise is seen as the main ally for health promotion, preventing and protecting the organism from several diseases. According to WHO, there is a tendency of constant growth in the elderly population in the coming years. The regular practice of exercises by the elderly becomes relevant to minimize the deleterious effects of the aging process and to increase the fitness index. Recently, the world population started a confrontation against Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), which is the most significant public health challenge globally. Although social isolation is a reasonable measure in an attempt to stop contamination by COVID-19, this measure has limited the ability of individuals to exercise outdoors or in gyms and health clubs, which increased the risk of developing chronic illnesses related to a sedentary lifestyle. The critical point is that the recent recommendations on exercise prescription to combat the potentially harmful effects of COVID-19 failure to adequately address resistance exercise interventions as home-based exercise strategy. Thus, in this paper, we discussed the physical exercise as medicine if the training status is enough to protect the elderly against COVID-19 infection, about the role of physical activity on immunosuppression. Possible risks for COVID-19 infection, and the old training methods, such as no-load resistance training as possible resistance exercise strategies and high-intensity interval training, as new proposals of home-based exercise interventions, could perform during the current COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…Over the past decade, technological improvements such as improved direct electron detectors have enabled the practical applications of techniques such as volume electron microscopy [2][3][4][5][6]. Advances in microscopy techniques in recent years have opened windows into cells, giving us insight into cellular organization with unprecedented detail [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Volumetric EM enables the capture of 3D ultrastructural datasets (i.e., images where fine structures such as membranes of cells and their internal organelles are resolved, as shown in Fig 1A).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D mesh processing using GAMer 2 to enable reaction-diffusion simulations in realistic cellular geometries

et al. 2020

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Recent advances in electron microscopy have enabled the imaging of single cells in 3D at nanometer length scale resolutions. An uncharted frontier for in silico biology is the ability to simulate cellular processes using these observed geometries. Enabling such simulations requires watertight meshing of electron micrograph images into 3D volume meshes, which can then form the basis of computer simulations of such processes using numerical techniques such as the finite element method. In this paper, we describe the use of our recently rewritten mesh processing software, GAMer 2, to bridge the gap between poorly conditioned meshes generated from segmented micrographs and boundary marked tetrahedral meshes which are compatible with simulation. We demonstrate the application of a workflow using GAMer 2 to a series of electron micrographs of neuronal dendrite morphology explored at three different length scales and show that the resulting meshes are suitable for finite element simulations. This work is an important step towards making physical simulations of biological processes in realistic geometries routine. Innovations in algorithms to reconstruct and simulate cellular length scale phenomena based on emerging structural data will enable realistic physical models and advance discovery at the interface of geometry and cellular processes. We posit that a new frontier at the intersection of computational technologies and single cell biology is now open.

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Large Volume Electron Microscopy and Neural Microcircuit Analysis

Cited by 69 publications

References 62 publications

Cytoskeletal organization of axons in vertebrates and invertebrates

Cytoskeletal organization of axons in vertebrates and invertebrates

Physical Exercise and Immune System in the Elderly: Implications and Importance in COVID-19 Pandemic Period

3D mesh processing using GAMer 2 to enable reaction-diffusion simulations in realistic cellular geometries

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