Largest Mortality Event to Date of California Sea Lions in Mexico Might Be Linked to a Harmful Algal Bloom

Elorriaga‐Verplancken, Fernando R.; Hernández‐Camacho, Claudia J.; Álvarez-Santamaría, Leonardo; Paniagua-Mendoza, Aurora; Robles-Hernández, Roberto; Rebolledo-Villa, Francisco; Rosales‐Nanduca, Hiram; Ramos-Rodríguez, Alejandro; Acevedo‐Whitehouse, Karina

doi:10.1578/am.48.1.2022.59

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been responsible for mass mortalities and morbidity of marine mammals, fish, and seabirds from central California to the southern tip of Baja California for decades [41]. Domoic acid toxicity and epileptic disease in California sea lions has been well characterized over the last two decades since this disease was first identified in the late 1990s [8,16,23,30,[35][36][37]42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty Years of Managed Epilepsy for a Stranded Male Guadalupe Fur Seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) Secondary to Suspect Domoic Acid Toxicosis

Schmitt,

St. Leger,

Inglis

et al. 2023

JZBG

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Many wild otariids (sea lions and fur seals) strand along the California coast annually with seizures following presumed exposure to harmful algal blooms (HABs). This is a long-term case study of a stranded subadult male Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) that stranded in 2001 and within days after admission began demonstrating seizure activity. The epilepsy was stabilized with antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy and advanced imaging was performed. Magnetic resonance (MR) scans showed signs of encephalopathy consistent with domoic acid (DA) toxicosis. This fur seal was deemed “non-releasable” and over the following 19 years, he received supportive veterinary care and AED treatment at a permitted facility. In the summer of 2020, the fur seal showed progressive behavioral and functional deterioration whereupon humane euthanasia was performed. Post-mortem MR and diffusion tensor images (DTI) were acquired. A volumetric comparison with historic scans showed evidence of severe progressive unilateral right hippocampal atrophy. Histopathology confirmed severe chronic right and mild left hippocampal atrophy. The progressive degenerative brain changes demonstrate how adaptive brain function can be with neuronal atrophy secondary to DA exposure. This case highlights some considerations and decision-making processes needed for the rehabilitation and placement of wild stranded otariids with acquired epilepsy secondary to DA toxicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty Years of Managed Epilepsy for a Stranded Male Guadalupe Fur Seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) Secondary to Suspect Domoic Acid Toxicosis

Schmitt,

St. Leger,

Inglis

et al. 2023

JZBG

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“…The spoilage bacteria appear to communicate with each other through signaling mechanisms during fish spoilage for mutual benefits [13]. Food safety hazards and quality changes in fish and fish products arising from biotoxins due to algal blooms in the oceans [14,15], diatoms releasing toxins [16], diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and azidinium poisoning [17], paralytic shellfish poisoning [14], ciguatoxin poisoning [18][19][20][21], and clupeotoxin [22] have been reported among the incidences of preharvest contamination of fish from different parts of the globe. The FAO [3] has observed the increasing appearance of hazardous biotoxins from tropical regions, predominantly from the upwelling regions of the Indian Ocean.…”

Section: Microbial Food Safety Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety, Processing, and Utilization of Fishery Products

Samarajeewa

2024

Fishes

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Global marine fish harvests have reached a plateau over the last decade, and efforts to increase aquaculture tend to face limitations in terms of water resources and contamination problems. Of the current fish harvest, at least 50% is discarded as waste. The current situation requires efforts to process, preserve, and utilize the fish capture to minimize waste. Chemical and microbiological contamination limit the utilization of harvested fish. There is a need to improve fish preservation to minimize spoilage and to process them into more appealing products. Instead of resorting to individual food-processing methods, the efficiency of processing could best be increased by a combination of conventional and modern processing methods or by combinations of modern processing methods. Fish waste is a rich source of oils containing essential fatty acids, polypeptides, and amino polysaccharides that could be utilized through the upscaling of current scientifically proven methods to new processing technologies. The separation of collagens, gelatins, bioactive peptides, edible fish oils, and chitosan form the primary stages in the utilization of fish waste. The products need purification to meet food quality and safety standards and to have desirable industrial characteristics. The diversity of information and products generated through new methods require advanced data handling and prediction systems, such as artificial intelligence, to address food safety and to derive the best out of fish processing and utilization.

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“…In the Bering Sea C. melanaster prey on large crustacean zooplankton and small fish (Decker et al, 2014) Marine heat waves are often associated with domoic acid producing harmful algae blooms which cause neurological impairment in marine mammals (Elorriaga-Verplancken et al, 2022;Santora et al, 2020;Trainer et al, 2020). This could provide a scenario explaining observations of harbor seals in the GoA in 2019, if coastal individuals were "lost at sea" after becoming disoriented after exposure to domoic acid.…”

Section: Edna Insights Into the Salmonospherementioning

confidence: 99%