“…Various topographical features have been investigated in literature (Lotfi et al, 2019 ). These features include but are not limited to, micro- and nano-scale surface topography and patterning (Miller et al, 2001 ; Schmalenberg and Uhrich, 2005 ; Li et al, 2014 ; Yiannakou et al, 2017 ; Angelaki et al, 2020 ), cell imprinted topography (Moosazadeh Moghaddam et al, 2019 ), scaffold geometry (grooves, filaments, wells, pillars etc. ; Schmalenberg and Uhrich, 2005 ; Chew et al, 2008 ; Mitchel and Hoffman-Kim, 2011 ; Mobasseri et al, 2014 ; Tonazzini et al, 2015 ; Chen et al, 2019 ), hydrophilicity (Mobasseri et al, 2014 ), and roughness (Simitzi et al, 2015 ; Babaliari et al, 2021 ; Huang et al, 2021 ) and porosity (Li et al, 2014 ).…”