“…Other factors like inflammation, retinal ischemia, altered blood flow, and hypoxia are also associated with DME (Zur et al, 2019). Different studies have shown that laser photocoagulation therapy is effective for the treating DME (Everett and Paulus, 2021;Jayadev et al, 2023). However, some patients are refractory to photocoagulation; in such cases, intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is recommended.…”