Laser-scribed graphene on polyetherimide substrate: an electrochemical sensor platform for forensic determination of xylazine in urine and beverage samples

Lima, Lucas F. de; Araújo, Wanderley Pereira de

doi:10.1007/s00604-022-05566-1

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, this technique is expensive and time-consuming, prompting the development of alternative approaches like Xylazine test strips, which provide a more cost-effective and rapid means for presumptive testing [ 66 ]. Other proposed solutions involve novel electrochemical sensor platforms like a laser-scribed graphene device [ 67 ] or an electrochemical paper-based analytical device [ 68 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylazine in the Opioid Epidemic: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Clinical Implications

Ayub¹,

Parnia²,

Poddar³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Introduction and objectives: The opioid overdose epidemic is exacerbated by the emergence of Xylazine as an illicit drug adulterant. Xylazine, a veterinary sedative, can potentiate opioid effects while also causing toxic and potentially fatal side effects. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of Xylazine use and overdoses within the opioid epidemic context. Method: A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to identify relevant case reports, and case series related to Xylazine use. A comprehensive literature search included databases like Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, utilizing keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms related to Xylazine. Thirty-four articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Results: Intravenous (IV) administration was a common route for Xylazine use among various methods, including subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and inhalation, with overall doses ranging from 40 mg to 4300 mg. The average dose in fatal cases was 1,200 mg, compared to 525 mg in non-fatal cases. Concurrent administration of other drugs, primarily opioids, occurred in 28 cases (47.5%). Intoxication was identified as a notable concern in 32 out of 34 studies, and treatments varied, with the majority experiencing positive outcomes. Withdrawal symptoms were documented in one case study, but the low number of cases with withdrawal symptoms may be attributed to factors such as a limited number of cases or individual variation. Naloxone was administered in eight cases (13.6%), and all patients recovered, although it should not be misconstrued as an antidote for Xylazine intoxication. Of the 59 cases, 21 (35.6%) resulted in fatal outcomes, with 17 involving Xylazine use in conjunction with other drugs. The IV route was a common factor in six out of the 21 fatal cases (28.6%). Conclusion: This review highlights the clinical challenges associated with Xylazine use and its co-administration with other substances, particularly opioids. Intoxication was identified as a major concern, and treatments varied across the studies, including supportive care, naloxone, and other medications. Further research is needed to explore the epidemiology and clinical implications of Xylazine use. Understanding the motivations and circumstances leading to Xylazine use, as well as its effects on users, is essential for developing effective psychosocial support and treatment interventions to address this public health crisis.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylazine in the Opioid Epidemic: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Clinical Implications

Ayub¹,

Parnia²,

Poddar³

et al. 2023

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A complementary characterization of each functionalization step was performed by the contact angle (Figure D). The bare LSG electrode presented a moderate hydrophilic surface of 52.65 ± 2.40° (black dot) related to few interactions with water since the unmodified surface is predominantly graphene derivative in its composition . Then, the electrodeposition of AuNS increased the contact angle values of the electrode to 61.73 ± 1.02° (red dot), which was expected due to the presence of a metallic surface .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The bare LSG electrode presented a moderate hydrophilic surface of 52.65 ± 2.40°(black dot) related to few interactions with water since the unmodified surface is predominantly graphene derivative in its composition. 34 Then, the electrodeposition of AuNS increased the contact angle values of the electrode to 61.73 ± 1.02°(red dot), which was expected due to the presence of a metallic surface. 57 Next, the immobilization of MPXV antibodies leaves the surface with several organic groups (−NH 2 , −NH, −COOH, −COC−, etc.…”

Section: Design and Characterization Of The Disposable Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The paper-based LSG sensor was cathodically treated by chronoamperometry applying a potential of −2.0 V for 120 s in 0.1 mol L –1 H 2 SO 4 solution to partially remove the oxygenated functional groups inserted onto the LSG electrode surface. , Then, the LSG sensor was in situ modified with gold nanostructures (AuNS) by chronoamperometry, applying a potential of −0.9 V for 240 s in the presence of 50 mmol L –1 HAuCl 4 and 0.1 mol L –1 HCl. , After the electrodeposition of the AuNS onto the LSG sensor, the electrode was washed with deionized water and dried using N 2 gas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To circumvent these problems, electrochemical biosensors are an interesting approach due to the usual short testing time, instrumental portability, and device miniaturization, which reduce the sample volume needed to run the test and eliminate or minimize sample pretreatment steps, enabling POC applications. − For optimal applications at POC, electrochemical devices should be accessible and reproducible to be made disposable, alleviating the need for trained operators. To achieve these features, electrochemical sensors can be manufactured by using biodegradable thermoplastic composite electrodes, , screen-printing, − inkjet printing, , laser-scribed graphene (LSG), − among other methods. LSG fabrication has gained great attention in the sensor field due to its excellent properties, such as large surface area, high conductivity, low cost, and simple operation. , Besides, a wide range of substrates can be employed to manufacture electrochemical devices, such as wood, polymers, paper, and nail polish, without the consumption of extra reagents/solvents, providing a greener alternative for manufacturing electrochemical carbon-based devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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de Lima,

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Electrochemical sensor based on 3D-printed substrate by masked stereolithography (MSLA): a new, cheap, robust and sustainable approach for simple production of analytical platforms

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Laser-scribed graphene on polyetherimide substrate: an electrochemical sensor platform for forensic determination of xylazine in urine and beverage samples

Cited by 21 publications

References 51 publications

Xylazine in the Opioid Epidemic: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Clinical Implications

Xylazine in the Opioid Epidemic: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Clinical Implications

Electrochemical Paper-Based Nanobiosensor for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Monkeypox Virus

Electrochemical sensor based on 3D-printed substrate by masked stereolithography (MSLA): a new, cheap, robust and sustainable approach for simple production of analytical platforms

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