Late Cretaceous/early Tertiary convergence between the Indian and Arabian plates recorded in ophiolites and related sediments

Gnos, Edwin; Immenhauser, Adrian; Peters, T. J.

doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(96)00249-1

Cited by 155 publications

(133 citation statements)

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“…The eastern ophiolites of Oman (Gnos, Immenhauser & Peters, 1997) extend over 600 km in north-south extension from latitudes 17°to 22.5° (Fig. 1, Table 3).…”

Section: D Upper Jurassic/lower Cretaceous Eastern Ophiolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…report, 1987). Nevertheless, two of the ophiolite nappes are well exposed on Masirah Island, and probably one nappe is present at Ra's Madrekah (Gnos, Immenhauser & Peters, 1997). The age and geo-tectonic relation of the small peridotite occurrences at Ra's Jibsch, and of those scattered across the Batain plain, are not sufficiently well understood (Table 3).…”

Section: D Upper Jurassic/lower Cretaceous Eastern Ophiolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Late Palaeozoic to Neogene geodynamic evolution of the northeastern Oman margin

et al. 2000

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When the highlands of Arabia were still covered with an ice shield in the latest Carboniferous/Early Permian period, separation of Gondwana started. This led to the creation of the Batain basin (part of the early Indian Ocean), off the northeastern margin of Oman. The rifting reactivated an Infra-Cambrian rift shoulder along the northeastern Oman margin and detritus from this high was shed into the interior Oman basin. Whereas carbonate platform deposits became widespread along the margin of the Neo-Tethys (northern rim of Oman), drifting and oceanization of the Batain basin started only in Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous time. Extensional tectonics was followed in the Late Cretaceous by contraction caused by the northward drift of Greater India and Afro-Arabia. This resulted in the collision of Afro-Arabia with an intra-oceanic trench and obduction of the Semail ophiolite and the Hawasina nappes south to southwestward onto the northern Oman margin ∼80 m.y. ago. During the middle Cretaceous, the oceanic lithosphere (including the future eastern ophiolites of Oman) drifted northwards as part of the Indian plate. At the Cretaceous–Palaeogene transition (∼65 Ma), oblique convergence between Greater India and Afro-Arabia caused fragments of the early Indian Ocean to be thrust onto the Batain basin. Subsequently, the Lower Permian to uppermost Maastrichtian sediments and volcanic rocks of the Batain basin, along with fragments of Indian Ocean floor (eastern ophiolites), were obducted northwestward onto the northeastern margin of Oman. Palaeogene neo-autochtonous sedimentary rocks subsequently covered the nappe pile. Tertiary extensional tectonics related to Red Sea rifting in the Late Eocene was followed by Miocene shortening, associated with the collision of Arabia and Eurasia and the formation of the Oman Mountains.

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“…The eastern ophiolites of Oman (Gnos, Immenhauser & Peters, 1997) extend over 600 km in north-south extension from latitudes 17°to 22.5° (Fig. 1, Table 3).…”

Section: D Upper Jurassic/lower Cretaceous Eastern Ophiolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: D Upper Jurassic/lower Cretaceous Eastern Ophiolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Palaeozoic to Neogene geodynamic evolution of the northeastern Oman margin

et al. 2000

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“…In Oman alkaline volcanism in a continental setting occurred in association with the Permian-Triassic rifting and opening of the Neo-Tethys [e.g., Glennie et al, 1974]. A contractional regime lasted from the Cenomanian to the end of Cretaceous resulting in thrusting of the Semail Ophiolite-Hawasina nappes complex in Campanian [e.g., Glennie et al, 1974], and subsequently thrusting of the Eastern Ophiolite Belt (Batain nappes, Masirah ophiolites, Ras Madrekah and Ras Jibsch) at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary [e.g., Gnos et al, 1997;Peters et al, 2001]. Extension associated with reorganization of the plates after obduction of the Semail Ophiolite started at the end of the Maastrichtian thus coeval with the thrusting of the Eastern Ophiolite Belt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mantle xenolith‐bearing Maastrichtian to Tertiary alkaline magmatism in Oman

Gnos

Peters

2003

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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[1] Mantle xenolith-bearing alkali basalts, basanites and tephrites with 1.5-2 K 2 O and 4-5 wt% Na 2 O occur as small (<100 m) plugs and dikes in the Batain and Haushi-Huqf areas, and WNW of Muscat. Their black color and the common presence of peridotite xenoliths allow a separation from older alkaline rocks and from the ophiolitic extrusive rocks. Two main dike directions, approximately E-W and N-S oriented, are observed. Intrusions seem to occur where these two fault systems intersect. The basalts crosscut the Upper Maastrichtian siliciclastic rocks of the Fayah Formation and the nappe stack of the Eastern Ophiolite Belt of the Batain area. They have not been observed intruding the Tertiary shallow marine carbonates although K-Ar whole rock dating on these lavas yielded Late Eocene 37 ± 1 to 44 ± 1 Ma ages. The rocks are aphyric and fine-grained with microgranular, and less common microtrachytic texture. They contain magmatic olivine

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“…In the easternmost Neo-Tethys (Indonesia), Whittaker et al (2007) suggested that active subduction below Eurasia was active throughout the Upper Cretaceous and the Cenozoic, although Hall (2012) proposed that Sundaland was mostly surrounded by inactive, or transform margins from 90 to 45 Ma. Finally, there is also documentation for multiple intra-oceanic subduction events leading to widespread ophiolite obduction, ending around 70 Ma along NE Arabia, and around 55-50 Ma in SE Oman, Pakistan (Gnos et al, 1997;Marquer et al, 1998;Gaina et al, 2015), and the Tibetan Himalaya (Hébert et al, 2012;Garzanti and Hu, 2014;Huang et al, 2015a) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Neo-tethyan History and Related Arc Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 98%

Did high Neo-Tethys subduction rates contribute to early Cenozoic warming?

Hoareau¹,

Bomou²,

Hinsbergen³

et al. 2015

Clim. Past

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Abstract. The 58-51 Ma interval was characterized by a long-term increase of global temperatures (+4 to +6 • C) up to the Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO, 52.9-50.7 Ma), the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. It was recently suggested that sustained high atmospheric pCO 2 , controlling warm early Cenozoic climate, may have been released during Neo-Tethys closure through the subduction of large amounts of pelagic carbonates and their recycling as CO 2 at arc volcanoes. To analyze the impact of NeoTethys closure on early Cenozoic warming, we have modeled the volume of subducted sediments and the amount of CO 2 emitted along the northern Tethys margin. The impact of calculated CO 2 fluxes on global temperature during the early Cenozoic have then been tested using a climate carbon cycle model (GEOCLIM). We show that CO 2 production may have reached up to 1.55 × 10 18 mol Ma −1 specifically during the EECO, ∼ 4 to 37 % higher that the modern global volcanic CO 2 output, owing to a dramatic IndiaAsia plate convergence increase. The subduction of thick Greater Indian continental margin carbonate sediments at ∼ 55-50 Ma may also have led to additional CO 2 production of 3.35 × 10 18 mol Ma −1 during the EECO, making a total of 85 % of the global volcanic CO 2 outgassed. However, climate modeling demonstrates that timing of maximum CO 2 release only partially fits with the EECO, and that corresponding maximum pCO 2 values (750 ppm) and surface warming (+2 • C) do not reach values inferred from geochemical proxies, a result consistent with conclusions arising from modeling based on other published CO 2 fluxes. These results demonstrate that CO 2 derived from decarbonation of Neo-Tethyan lithosphere may have possibly contributed to, but certainly cannot account alone for early Cenozoic warming. Other commonly cited sources of excess CO 2 such as enhanced igneous province volcanism also appear to be up to 1 order of magnitude below fluxes required by the model to fit with proxy data of pCO 2 and temperature at that time. An alternate explanation may be that CO 2 consumption, a key parameter of the long-term atmospheric pCO 2 balance, may have been lower than suggested by modeling. These results call for a better calibration of early Cenozoic weathering rates.

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Late Cretaceous/early Tertiary convergence between the Indian and Arabian plates recorded in ophiolites and related sediments

Cited by 155 publications

References 41 publications

Late Palaeozoic to Neogene geodynamic evolution of the northeastern Oman margin

Late Palaeozoic to Neogene geodynamic evolution of the northeastern Oman margin

Mantle xenolith‐bearing Maastrichtian to Tertiary alkaline magmatism in Oman

Did high Neo-Tethys subduction rates contribute to early Cenozoic warming?

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