Latent tuberculosis infection among close contacts of non-residential pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Shanghai, China

Abstract

TB control supporting partners in the country, should improve training of all the health workers on TB control services.http://dx. Background:Under the fast urbanization, Shanghai is hosting more and more domestic rural-to-urban migrants who do not have a certified local residence. Tuberculosis is more prevalent in rural population in China. In 2014, non-residential population has accounted for 42.9% of new pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in Shanghai. Close contacts of non-residential patients are at high risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This study aimed to understand the prevalence of LTBI in close contacts of nonresidential PTB patients, and to identify the risk factors associated with LTBI in Shanghai. Methods & Materials:A cross-sectional study was conducted among close contacts of non-residential PTB patients diagnosed in 2013-2014 in 4 districts of Shanghai. T-SPOT.TB was applied to detect the LTBI among contacts, together with a questionnaire for collecting information on demographics, socio-economic status, history of Bacille Calmette-Gueŕin (BCG) vaccination, symptoms of TB and details of contacting. The status of LTBI was defined as T-SPOT.TB positive plus no TB symptoms and a normal lung image by chest X-ray.Results: In this study, 460 close contacts were self-reported by 226 registered PTB patients. Of these contacts, 43.0% were male and 58.0% were BCG vaccinated. Overall, 83 contacts had positive T-SPOT.TB results without TB symptoms, which presented an 18.0% (95%CI: 14.5%∼21.6%) prevalence of LTBI. The prevalence of LTBI increased with age (X 2 liner trend =3.910, p=0.048), and exposure duration to PTB patients (X 2 liner trend =6.401, p=0.011). Stratified analysis by age (0-19, 20-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years) indicated that the association between LTBI prevalence and exposure duration was statistically significant at the age of 20-39 years (X 2 liner trend =4.947, p=0.026). Multivariate analysis showed that household contact significantly increased the risk of LTBI (aOR=9.030, 95%CI: 2.568-31.756); and contacts of PTB patients having cough (aOR=2.541, 95%CI: 1.258-5.133) and cavities in lung (aOR=1.698, 95%CI: 1.008-2.860) were more likely to be LTBI than those otherwise.Conclusion: Close contacts of non-residential PTB patients had a relatively high LTBI prevalence. Intervention for infection control among PTB close contacts should be concerned in the policy development for ending TB in 2035 in Shanghai.

Changes in the epidemic of pulmonary tuberculosis in Shanghai from 1992 to 2016

“…Research on differences between urban migrants and local residents in Shanghai highlights the need of a specific strategy for the migrant population . Other researchers proposed that rapid diagnostic methods should be scaled up among MDR‐TB patients to reduce treatment delay , and interventions for infection control among close contacts should be part of policy development . Efforts need to be made to improve acceptability and feasibility of chemoprophylaxis, especially in school‐based management, to stem the increasing TB epidemic among pupils .…”

Factors associated with overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Cambodia: Analysis of Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2021–22

“…Data was collected from September 15, 2021, to February 15, 2022 [ 8 ]. The sampling frame used for the 2021–22 CDHS was taken from the Cambodia General Population Census 2019 [ 7 ]. After that, the participants were selected using probability proportion based on two-stage stratified cluster sampling from the chosen sampling frame.…”

“…Survey data were obtained through face-to-face interviews using a standardized survey instrument by trained interviewers. Anthropometric weight and height measurements for adult women aged 15–49 were taken by trained female field staff using standardized instruments and procedures [ 7 ]. Weight measurements were taken using scales with a digital display (UNICEF model S0141025).…”

“…Weighted scores are divided into five wealth quintiles (poorest, poorer, medium, richer, and richest), each comprising 20% of the population [ 8 ] and place of residence (rural vs. urban). Cambodia’s provinces were regrouped for analytic purposes into a categorical variable with four geographical regions: plains, Tonle Sap, coastal/sea, and mountains [ 7 ]. Behavioral factors included smoking (non-smoker vs. smoker), alcohol consumption in the past month (never drink, ever drink, and current drink), current alcohol drinking corresponded to one can or bottle of beer, one glass of wine, or one shot of spirits in the past month, watching television at least once a week (yes vs. no), contraceptive usage (not used, hormonal methods (using a pill, emergency contraceptive pill, Norplant, injection, and vaginal rings), non-hormonal methods (condoms, the diaphragm, the IUD, spermicides, lactational amenorrhea, and sterilization), and traditional methods (periodic abstinence and withdrawal) [ 8 ].…”

“…The Global Nutrition Report 2019 showed that 26.1% of women and 20.4% of men were overweight, while obesity was 6.3% in women compared to 3.5% in men [ 6 ]. Along with the rapidly increasing population in Cambodia, from 15.42 million in 2015 to nearly 16.21 million in 2019 [ 7 ], the prevalence of overweight and obesity is also steadily rising. According to the Cambodia STEPS survey, the overall prevalence of current smoking any tobacco was 29.4% in 2010 to 22.1% in 2016, and current drinking alcohol was 53.5% in 2010 to 46% in 2016, 11% were low physical activity in 2010 to 13% in 2016 [ 11 ].…”