“…Although the well-known noble-metal-based materials, such as RuO 2 and IrO 2 , have been regarded as the most efficient electrocatalysts for the OER, , the high cost and stability hindered their further application. The transition-metal-based materials due to their low cost, extraordinary redox nature, and abundant active site, not only including iron, cobalt, nickel composite materials , but also metal oxygen cluster hybrids, − as well as metal–organic framework (MOF), have been extensively exploited for the preparation of the electrocatalysts. Among them, cobalt or nickel-based materials were the most promising candidates as alternative electrocatalysts for the OER, relying on their excellent electrocatalytic activities.…”