Latest updates on cellular and molecular biomarkers of gliomas

Abstract

Gliomas are the most common central nervous system malignancies, compromising almost 80% of all brain tumors and is associated with significant mortality. The classification of gliomas has shifted from basic histological perspective to one that is based on molecular biomarkers. Treatment of this type of tumors consists currently of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. During the past years, there was a limited development of effective glioma diagnostics and therapeutics due to multiple factors including the presence of blood-brain barrier and the heterogeneity of this type of tumors. Currently, it is necessary to highlight the advantage of molecular diagnosis of gliomas to develop patient targeted therapies based on multiple oncogenic pathway. In this review, we will evaluate the development of cellular and molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis of gliomas and the impact of these diagnostic tools for better tailored and targeted therapies.

MEX3A is a new diagnostic, independent prognostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target in gliomas

“…The rst major prognostic factors routinely assessed in most pathology departments for gliomas studies include mutation in IDH1, which mainly distinguishes grade IV from low-grade gliomas, the expression and mutation of EGFR, the cell replication index reported as percentage of Ki67 expression, and the O 6 -methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter hypermethylation, as the main factors for the response to temozolomide (TMZ) treatment in GB-patients [29,30].…”

Post-translational protein lactylation modification in health and diseases: a double-edged sword

“…However, new concepts of lactate are gradually being established. Using the 13 C-isotope tracer and metabolomics study by Jang C et al [27], lactate has a higher circulatory turnover flux in fasted pigs despite glucose being the most abundant circulating carbohydrate, that is, the TCA cycle feeds primarily off circulating lactate, and glucose mainly provides nutrients for the TCA cycle through circulating lactate, suggesting that apparently many organs simultaneously produce and consume circulating lactate. Moreover, lactate is not only described in pigs but is also widely used as a fuel in mice and humans, confirming that lactate is a common carbohydrate fuel in mammals [28].…”

“…Several common PTMs, such as acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation, have received widespread attention and have been well characterized [ 13 ]. Interestingly, a lactate-induced lactylation modification of histone lysine residues was first identified in 2019 by Zhang et al [ 14 ] and was involved in the homeostatic regulation of M1 macrophages under bacterial infections.…”

GQIcombi application to subdue glioma via differentiation therapy

“…Gliomas are diverse and aggressive brain tumors leading to limited survival rates within a few years ( 1 , 2 ), they are stratified with different Grades The 2021 WHO Central Nervous System Tumor Classification ( 3 ) has emphasized molecular characteristics, accentuating the need for their thorough investigations to advance prognosis, treatment and following up. Glioma biomarkers, categorized by location and function ( 4 ), provides potential insights, yet specific markers remain controversial ones.…”