Latvian National Dietary Survey on the general population

Siksna, Inese; Valciņa, Olga; Ozoliņš, Gatis; Goldmanis, Māris

doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1307

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Still, it is stated that the presence of selection bias is unlikely [7]. Besides, the characteristics of our study population are in line with Latvian population demographics (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 68%

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Eating Patterns and Food Choices of Latvian Infants during Their First Year of Life

et al. 2018

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Introduction: Pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood are periods of rapid growth and development. The role of nutrition is very important during these critical growth and development periods. The aim of the study was to investigate infant feeding practices through the first year of life in Latvia, and to compare feeding practices with nutritional guidelines in Latvia and other European countries. Methods: We analysed cross-sectional study data from food frequency questionnaires with additional questions on breastfeeding and complementary feeding introduction. A total of 266 infants from all Latvian regions from birth to 1-year-old were included in the study. Breastfeeding rates were assessed by month of age. Complementary feeding was assessed using three age groups (0–3.9 months, 4–6.9 months, and 7–12.9 months), whereas two groups were used to assess food frequency and portion sizes (0–5.9 months and 6–12.9 months). Results: The breastfeeding rate during the first month of life was 89%. At 6 months, 68% of infants received breast milk, but by 12 months, only 45% still received breast milk. Complementary foods were introduced at a mean age of 5 months (standard deviation = 1). Before 4 months of age, 9% of infants were receiving complementary food, the majority (85%) between 4 and 6 months of age. There were 6% of infants who were introduced to complementary foods after 7 months of age. First complementary food choices were mainly porridge (64%), vegetables (21%), and fruits (10%). After 6 months of age, foods from almost all food groups were present in each infant diet at least once per day, such as vegetables (85%), potatoes (85%), fruits (81%), dairy (78%), and meat (73%), less than once per day—grains (88%), fats (73%), cow’s milk (66%), eggs (45%), fish (36%), and legumes (28%). Conclusion: Breastfeeding rate during first months of life is high in Latvia. Breastfeeding was sustained at the age of 6 months, in the highest rate among Baltic countries. However, only 45% continued breastfeeding at the age of 12 months, in accordance with WHO recommendations. A guideline on complementary feeding is followed by the majority of parents. There are deviations from guidelines in inclusion of some foods in the diet and frequency of consumption.

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“…Still, it is stated that the presence of selection bias is unlikely [7]. Besides, the characteristics of our study population are in line with Latvian population demographics (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 68%

“…In 2012, with the support of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) The Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR started a cross-sectional study which included 3420 participants covering different age groups from birth to 74 years [7]. Data collection for infants and toddlers was started in 2012 and was completed in 2014.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Patterns and Food Choices of Latvian Infants during Their First Year of Life

et al. 2018

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“…DON and its derivatives were found in green, black, and Pu-erh teas (especially the elevated concentrations of these mycotoxins in the multi-contaminated peppermint tea with the 16 co-occurring mycotoxins); ZEN, observed only in the Pu-erh tea samples, and OTA, found in most of the teas, were included in the dietary intake assessment, due to their relatively high prevalence in the commercial teas analysed in this study (Table 3). As noted in the description of potential acute daily intake calculations (Section 5), the average consumption rates of nonfermented (green tea), fermented (black tea), and herbal (peppermint) teas were obtained from the data from our recent study [18].…”

Section: Dietary Exposure Studies Of Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The probable daily intake (PDI) values were calculated from the average daily intake values of the Latvian population [18]. The average data for adults and the elderly (both male and female) were evaluated.…”

Section: Dietary Exposure Studies Of Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dietary exposure assessment assumed that the mycotoxin concentrations determined in the raw dry teas are fully extracted into the beverages during infusion (worst-case scenario). The intake of the upper-bound (UB) level and maximum mycotoxin concentrations determined in the dry samples was evaluated for a conventional tea portion of one cup (200 mL of boiling water and 2 g of dry tea), taking into account survey data of the average intakes of fermented, nonfermented, and herbal teas in Latvia [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Fungi and Multi-Class Mycotoxins in Camelia sinensis and Herbal Teas and Dietary Exposure Assessment

Reinholds

Bogdanova

Pugajeva

et al. 2020

Toxins

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In this paper, a study of fungal and multi-mycotoxin contamination in 140 Camellia sinensis and 26 herbal teas marketed in Latvia is discussed. The analysis was performed using two-dimensional liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC-TOF-MS) and MALDI-TOF-MS. In total, 87% of the tea samples tested positive for 32 fungal species belonging to 17 genera, with the total enumeration of moulds ranging between 1.00 × 101 and 9.00 × 104 CFU g−1. Moreover, 42% of the teas (n = 70) were contaminated by 1 to 16 mycotoxins, and 37% of these samples were positive for aflatoxins at concentrations ranging between 0.22 and 41.7 µg kg−1. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives co-occurred in 63% of the tea samples, with their summary concentrations reaching 81.1 to 17,360 µg kg−1. Ochratoxin A (OTA), enniatins, and two Alternaria toxins were found in 10–37% of the teas at low concentrations. The dietary exposure assessment based on the assumption of a probable full transfer of determined mycotoxins into infusions indicated that the analysed teas are safe for consumers: the probable maximum daily exposure levels to OTA and the combined DON mycotoxins were only 0.88 to 2.05% and 2.50 to 78.9% of the tolerable daily intake levels.

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