Lead-Based Decorative Paints: Where Are They Still Sold—and Why?

Kessler, Rebecca

doi:10.1289/ehp.122-a96

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Runoff from agricultural lands is therefore a potential source of Cd contamination in Lake Victoria. In contrast, a potential source of Pb contamination at Kisumu City is the use of leadbased paints, which are yet to be phased out in Kenya (Kessler 2014). Finally, Pb-based fuel was widely used in Kenya before being phased out in the last decade, and roadside soils in Kisumu City were contaminated by Pb (Makokha et al 2008).…”

Section: Trace Elements In Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects

Outa

Kowenje

Plessl

et al. 2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This is the first detailed report on the distribution of Ni, As, Sr and Ag in water, sediments and macrophytes from Lake Victoria, complemented with recent data on the heavy metals Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. The study was conducted over an 11-month period at five sites in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: four sites in the Winam Gulf influenced by various anthropogenic pressures including a site near Kisumu City, and one in the main lake, perceived to have lesser direct anthropogenic influence. Compared with the main lake site, the water in Winam Gulf had significantly higher values for electrical conductivity and concentrations of dissolved components: organic carbon and bound nitrogen, as well as major and most trace elements. This contamination is also evident in surface sediments, which contained significantly higher levels of Cr, Zn, As, Ag, Cd and Pb compared with the main lake site. The mean levels of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ag and Pb exceeded probable effect levels at least at one of the gulf sites. The sediments at the Kisumu City site were classified as severely polluted with Cu (up to 259 mg/kg dw) and Pb (up to 1188 mg/kg dw). The sediment cores showed significantly higher levels of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb in the surface (0-3 cm) versus subsurface (22-25 cm) layer at the Kisumu City site, indicating increasing pollution by these elements within the last 15 years. This is also the first report on trace elements in the emergent water plant Vossia cuspidata and submerged plant Ceratophyllum demersum from this lake. Even though the accumulation of most elements is comparable between C. demersum (whole plant) and V. cuspidata roots, the latter shows a better bioindicative potential. Contamination of the gulf with Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb is well mirrored in V. cuspidata roots. V. cuspidata strongly restricts the acropetal transport of trace elements, and hence using the shoots as fodder does not pose a risk to livestock.

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Section: Trace Elements In Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects

Outa

Kowenje

Plessl

et al. 2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…In addition, several sources were related in the past decades with animal or human organism contamination: lead containing paints (consumed by ruminants), water transport pipes made of lead alloys, exhaust gas emitted by engines which used high octane fuel. In 2014, Kessler (2014) [10] reported an interesting case of pica syndrome in humans. It was as a consequence of huge patches of pale lemon-yellow paint consuming from the walls by a student, the level of Pb in its blood being found at 52 µg/dL, far above the concentration of 5 µg/dL, at which the intervention is recommended.…”

Section: Chemical Characterization and Sources Of Pb CD Hg Ni Cumentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ecotoxicology of Heavy Metals from Various Anthropogenic Sources and Pathways for their Bioremediation

Grădinaru¹,

Solcan²,

Spataru³

et al. 2019

Rev. Chim.

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Although Cu and Zn are important microelements with well-defined roles in organisms functioning, their presence in toxic concentrations is related to a contamination process. On the other hand, Pb, Cd, and Hg are toxic xenobiotics with cumulative effects on various organisms, and in the case of Ni the reports are contradictory. All of these heavy metals are found as a naturally content in the earth�s crust wherefrom are mobilized through volcanic eruptions or mining activities. Some human activities, such as metals smelting, burning of fossil fuels, cement obtaining, usage of pesticides in agriculture, contribute to the environmental pollution with these heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals is considered a risk factor for all components of the ecosystem due to their geo- and bio accumulative features. In long-term exposure, especially in countries with intensive industrialization and urbanization, toxic and carcinogenic effects based on various mechanisms were reported. However, the extraction and the usage of heavy metals in various industry branches might be considered a necessary evil for the nowadays modern society. In some moments of our evolution there were no alternatives, neither as knowledge, nor as application possibilities. In last decades, alarm signals were pulled by the scientific community and non-governmental organizations, and a legislation of heavy metal residues monitoring was developed and applied in many countries all over the world. Moreover, various ecological alternatives were found for the limitation or even excluding of pollutant materials from many of our life aspects (unleaded petrol, insecticides based on pheromones, green concrete manufactured with less cement quantity etc.) and different ways of soil phytoremediation and heavy metals biosorption from aqueous media were tested. The aim of this paper is to review the most important aspects related to heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cu, Zn) ecotoxicology. Various sources of environmental pollution and different mechanisms for physiological homeostasis disruption for each reviewed elementary xenobiotic are critically discussed.

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“…Consequently, the Pb content of consumer paints has come under close scrutiny in the scientific literature and by regulators and limits on its concentration in formulations have been progressively revised downwards. In the US, the current limit for Pb in consumer paints has been set at 90 ppm (CPSC, 2011), and although several countries have since adopted similar thresholds, the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint (GAELP) has a goal of eradicating Pb in paint by 2020 (Kessler, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead in exterior paints from the urban and suburban environs of Plymouth, south west England

Turner

Solman

2016

Science of The Total Environment

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Dry weight concentrations of lead in paints on a variety of structures in the urban and suburban environs of a British city (Plymouth, south west England) were determined in situ and ex situ by field-portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Lead was detected in 221 out of 272 analyses, with overall median and mean concentrations of 4180 μg g(-1) and 29,300 μg g(-1), respectively, and a maximum concentration of 390,000 μg g(-1). Highest concentrations were observed in extant paints on poorly maintained, metallic structures, including railings, gates, telephone kiosks and bridges, in various yellow road line paints, and in paints of varying condition on public playground facilities (ramps, climbing frames, monkey bars). Occupants of households in the vicinity of structures that are shedding leaded paint are at potential risk of exposure from paint particles being tracked in on shoes and clothing while children in contact with leaded paints in playgrounds and recreational areas are at potential risk from the direct ingestion of paint flakes. Since the issues highlighted in the present study are neither likely to be restricted to this city, nor to the UK, a greater, general awareness and understanding of the sources and routes of exposure of exterior leaded paint is called for.

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Lead-Based Decorative Paints: Where Are They Still Sold—and Why?

Cited by 32 publications

References 22 publications

Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects

Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects

The Ecotoxicology of Heavy Metals from Various Anthropogenic Sources and Pathways for their Bioremediation

Lead in exterior paints from the urban and suburban environs of Plymouth, south west England

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