Lead contamination results in late and slowly repairable DNA double-strand breaks and impacts upon the ATM-dependent signaling pathways

Cadmium delays non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair via inhibition of DNA-PKcs phosphorylation and downregulation of XRCC4 and Ligase IV

“…However, the decreases of ␥H2AX and 53BP1 foci were significantly delayed by Cd in irradiated cells, suggesting an impairment of DDR by Cd treatment. Similar results have been shown in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) treated with Cd (10.00 M) or lead (Pb, 10-100 M) [10,22]. Taken together, these results revealed that Cd treatment results in a delayed and compromised DDR.…”

“…The immunofluorescence protocol used for this study was described elsewhere [22]. Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde-PBS for 30 min at room temperature, permeabilized in 0.3% TritonX-100 for 15 min and blocked with 3% BSA.…”

Lead Uptake, Toxicity, and Detoxification in Plants

“…Lead does not induce direct genotoxic effects until it becomes attached to naked DNA (Valverde et al 2001). Lead can also affect replication by replacing the zinc in the Zn-finger pattern of the enzymes that intervene in DNA repair (Gastaldo et al 2007). Recently, Cenksi et al (2010) used a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay that amplifies random DNA fragments of genomic DNA, and they reported that genomic template stability was significantly affected by lead exposure in Brassica rapa.…”

Electrochemical and AFM evaluation of hazard compounds–DNA interaction

“…The interaction of DNA with Pb 2+ , probably due to differences in experimental protocols, is not consensual [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. For experimental conditions using Pb 2+ /DNA ratios of 1:1, Pb 2+ has shown small interaction with dsDNA with little sign of deviation from the B-DNA conformation [11], due to the Pb 2+ ions interacting mainly with the charged phosphate groups and only weakly with the nucleic bases.…”