Lead Exposure in Trader Communities in Industrial Area of the Battery Recycling Plant: Tangerang, Indonesia

Anka

et al. 2021

Heliyon

Self Cite

Urinary hippuric acid (uHA) is one of the biomonitoring parameters of toxic organic exposure, such as toluene. Repeated exposure to a low concentration of toluene may lead to chronic effects such as central nervous system damage. In the preliminary study, toluene was found in the batik industry's working area in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study aims to assess the health condition of batik workers to toluene exposure based on the concentration of uHA. There were 52 respondents divided into 2 groups: the batik workers as the exposed group (30 respondents) and the non-batik workers as the control group (22 respondents). The urine sample was taken from batik workers at the end of the shift, and uHA was measured using spectrophotometry. The uHA value was corrected with urinary creatinine. The results showed that the average uHA concentration of batik workers was higher than that of the control group. The result also showed that workers with more than 2 years working period, writing workers, and stamping workers give an Odds Ratio (OR) of 6.43, 6.75, and 9.00 respectively on having a higher concentration of uHA. Workers with toluene exposure symptoms were also having a higher concentration of uHA than workers without any symptoms.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary hippuric acid level as a biological indicator of toluene exposure on batik workers

Anka

et al. 2021

Heliyon

Self Cite

“…Average Daily Dose (ADD) was determined after measurement result of heavy metal content in the filter, which is calculated as follows:

where ADD (mg/kg.day), DA is heavy metal dose (mg/cm 2 .event), EV is exposure frequency (event/day), ED is exposure duration (years), EF is exposure frequency (hours/year), SA is available skin surface area for contact (10,700 cm 2 ), BW is Body Weight (kg), and AT is average time (days) [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of dermal exposure to heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Al, Fe and Pb) in traditional batik industry workers

Suharyanto

et al. 2022

Heliyon

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Batik is an Indonesian cultural heritage that has been designated by UNESCO. Batik industry is one of the industries that applies the synthetic dyes, beside natural ones which have long been used in producing Batik particularly in the modern production. The purpose of this research investigated heavy metals on workers in batik industry, which focuses on dermal detection as portal of entry. Samples of dermal intake of workers were examined with cross-sectional approach, while non-worker samples of resident living surrounding the industry were used as control. Dermal intake on workers and non-workers were examined using Patch Filter. Heavy metals content of the synthetic dyes used in the batik production and those in the patch filter which was attached to worker's skin during sampling period were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method. The XRF measurement result of the synthetic dyes shows a detection of several heavy metals including Cu and Zn as the highest detected concentration, while the XRF measurement of the patch filter detects several heavy metal contents, which include Cu, Zn, Ni, Al, Fe and Pb. The highest detected heavy metal concentration found in the patch filter were Cu, Zn and Ni. Meanwhile, the highest detected heavy metal concentration of Pb was found in workers in the stamping process. The result indicates that highest Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe were found in workers of dyeing process compared to those in other processing stages.

“…Wet temperature, dry temperature, and air humidity were measured using a sling psychrometer (Bacharach 0012-043, USA). A personal sample pump (Gilian 800i, USA) was used to measure Cr in the breathing zone (Oginawati et al 2020;Asbach et al 2017).…”

Section: Research Tools and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because only Cr 6+ exposure was calculated in this study, the value of HI = HQ. HI values > 1 indicate that the dose of Cr 6+ exposure has a potential hazard to human health (Oginawati et al 2020;Goumenou and Tsatsakis 2019;Qing et al 2015). Urine samples of respondents (± 50 mL) were taken in the afternoon after they finished their work.…”

Section: Hazard Index (Hi) Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk analysis of inhaled hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) exposure on blacksmiths from industrial area

Rosalyn

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

Self Cite

Chromium (Cr) is used as a mixture to improve strength and corrosion resistance. Milling and welding processes can expose workers to Cr through dermal exposure and inhalation. Cr exposure can be determined by urine testing. The purpose of this study was to analyze the concentration of Cr in urine (UCr) of workers. This study was carried out using a cross-sectional method. Sampling was conducted in the village of Mekarmaju, Bandung, Indonesia. The number of respondents included 30 blacksmiths, and the control group comprised 10 people who were not blacksmiths. Cr 6+ exposure was measured using a personal sampling pump placed on the collar of the worker's shirt as a breathing zone and then analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. UCr was measured with a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The measured Cr 6+ concentration in the exposed working area ranged from 0.03 to 0.63 mg/m 3 , whereas that in non-exposed area ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/m 3 . Results showed that 16 out of 30 blacksmiths had a UCr concentration above the biological exposure index (BEI) value, 21 had a higher value than the threshold limit value (TLV), and 22 had hazard index (HI) values > 1, which indicated that Cr has a hazardous potential in the body. The analysis of the exposed and control groups showed a significant difference with a p value of 0.000 for TLV, chronic daily intake, and UCr. These results clearly showed that Cr 6+ exposure may harm the health of these workers in the future. The results obtained in this study can be used to promote workers' awareness on the potential health risk caused by Cr 6+ exposure in the working environment.