Lead-Free HIFU Transducers

Zawada, Tomasz; Bove, Torsten; Astafiev, Konstantin; Ringgaard, Erling; Lou-Moeller, Rasmus

doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.08.010

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 28 publications

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“…Suitable applications may include imaging, NDT, time of flight measurements—thickness monitoring and liquid level sensing in addition to applications requiring the delivery of significant levels of power; therapeutic medical or HIFU for example. The conclusion for usefulness within the latter (HIFU) echoes that of another recent study [18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic

Kelley

2023

The Journal of Engineering

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An evaluation of the performance of a recently developed formulation of (lead-free) Sodium-Bismuth titanate -Barium Titanate (NBT-BT) piezoceramic is presented through the construction and testing of several immersion transducers based around a new material formulation "Pz12" from CTS Ferroperm (Kvistgaard, Denmark). Results are intended to yield insight into the applicability of this lead-free material for use within industrial, NDT, medical or underwater sectors through the reporting of experimentally realised performance characteristics. Results of several performance tests are reported including: pulse-echo amplitude, electrical insertion loss, transducer efficiency, power output and transmitting voltage response (TVR). Benchmarking is provided against comparable lead zirconate-titanate (PZT) based transducers using an industry standard Navy Type 1 (Pz26, CTS Ferroperm). Performance of the Pz12 transducers was found to exceed expectations, although was lower than that of the comparable Pz26 transducers. Pulse-echo amplitudes indicated a −4.3 dB relative amplitude between lead and lead-free variants with electrical insertion loss and transmitting voltage response both showing an average −3.1 dB between the Pz12 and Pz26. Electroacoustic conversion efficiencies of up to 52% are reported for the Pz12 transducers compared with a 62% maximum efficiency for the Pz26 variant. Temperature stability is also investigated in the 10-70 ˚C range.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic

Kelley

2023

The Journal of Engineering

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High‐Performance and Environmentally‐Friendly Bulk‐Wave‐Acoustofluidic Devices Driven by Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Materials

Qiu

2024

Small

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Bulk‐wave‐acoustofluidic devices provide strong acoustic fields and high device efficiency, thereby offering high‐throughput capability when processing biological samples. Such devices are typically driven by lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers, which contain a high content of lead, inevitably resulting in environmental and biocompatibility issues. Replacing PZT with lead‐free piezoelectric materials in various ultrasonic devices is considered challenging mainly due to the inferior piezoelectric properties lead‐free materials possess compared to those of PZT. In this study, through both experiments and numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that the performance of the bulk‐wave‐acoustofluidic devices driven by (Bi,Na)TiO3‐BaTiO3‐(Bi,Na)(Mn,Nb)O3 (BNT‐BT‐BNMN) can match that of PZT‐driven devices at low power and is superior at intermediate power. It is found that the low acoustic impedance and the weak transverse mode in BNT‐BT‐BNMN compensate for the inferior piezoelectric properties at low power. The fact that the BNT‐BT‐BNMN devices outperform at intermediate power is consistent with the superior performance of the Mn‐doped BNT‐based piezoelectric materials compared to PZT at high power. Perfect focusing on 5‐‐diameter polystyrene particles at a flow rate of up to 10 mL min−1 is achieved using the BNT‐BT‐BNMN device at input power of 1 W.

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Analytical modeling of harmonically driven focused acoustic sources with experimental verification

Zawada,

Bove

2024

Applied Acoustics

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Lead-Free HIFU Transducers

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic

Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic

High‐Performance and Environmentally‐Friendly Bulk‐Wave‐Acoustofluidic Devices Driven by Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Materials

Analytical modeling of harmonically driven focused acoustic sources with experimental verification

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