Lead levels in new enamel household paints from Asia, Africa and South America

Clark, C. Scott; Rampal, Krishna Gopal; Venkatesh, Talavara; Roda, Sandy; Succop, Paul; Menrath, William; Chen, Chin K.; Adebamowo, Eugenious O.; Agbede, Oluwole A.; Sridhar, M. K. C.; Adebamowo, Clement; Zakaria, Yehia; El-Safty, Amal; Shinde, Rana M.; Yu, Jiefei

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2009.07.002

Cited by 55 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Agen anti -korosi berdasar Pb kadang digunakan dalam cat yang berfungsi menghambat perkaratan pada permukaan logam, dengan umumnya berupa Pb tetroksida yang kadang disebut Pb merah atau minium. Senyawa penghambat korosi bebas Pb pun bisa didapatkan (Clark, 2009) Salah satu bahan pencemar udara yang paling berbahaya adalah timbal. Timbal sering juga disebut dengan timah hitam (Pb; lead).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

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Paparan Timbal Udara Terhadap Timbal Darah, Hemoglobin, Cystatin C Serum Pekerja Pengecatan Mobil

Muliyadi

2015

Kemas

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AbstrakTimbal mempengaruhi sistem hematologis, saraf, urinaria, reproduksi, endokrin, dan jantung. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis pengaruh timbal udara terhadap timbal darah dan pengaruh timbal darah terhadap hemoglobin, cystatin C serum dan keluhan kesehatan. Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2015. Jenis penelitian observasional (cross sectional study). Populasi penelitian yaitu kelompok penelitian dan pembanding dengan sampel 12 masing-masing kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji regresi linier ganda dan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh timbal udara dengan timbal darah (β=0,667;p=0,000), ada pengaruh timbal darah dengan Hemoglobin (β=-0,609:p=0,008), ada pengaruh timbal darah dengan Cystatin C (β=0,348:p=0,035) dan tidak ada pengaruh timbal darah dengan gangguan pencernaan (β=0,004:p=0.990), ada pengaruh timbal darah dengan gangguan ginjal (β=0,572:p=0,038), ada pengaruh timbal darah dengan gangguan hematologis (β=0,816:p=0,020), tidak ada pengaruh timbal darah dengan gangguan SSP(β=-0,022:p=0,944). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa timbal darah dipengaruhi oleh timbal di udara, hemoglobin dan cystatin C dipengaruhi oleh timbal darah serta gangguan hematologis dan gangguan ginjal dipengaruhi oleh timbal darah. . there effect blood lead with Cystatin C (β=0.348:p=0.035). There is no effect blood lead with digestive disorders (β=0.004:p=0990). there effect blood lead with renal impairment (β=0.572:p=0.038). there effect blood lead with haematological disorders (β=0.816:p=0.020). There is no effect blood lead with CNS disorders (β=-0.022:p=0.944 EXPOSURE OF AERIAL LEAD TO BLOOD LEAD, HEMOGLOBIN, SERUM CYSTATIN C ON PAINTING CARS WORKER

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Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

“…Rata-rata timbal dari 11 sampel tersebut adalah 1.5%. timbal di dalam cat sekitar 0.06% (Clark, 2009).…”

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Paparan Timbal Udara Terhadap Timbal Darah, Hemoglobin, Cystatin C Serum Pekerja Pengecatan Mobil

Muliyadi

2015

Kemas

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“…The average paint Pb concentration reported in the initial paint Pb sampling in Egypt of 26,200 ppm total Pb, second highest of that found in seven countries in Africa as reported from several studies as shown in Table 1. The average concentration of Pb in the paints from Egypt was also the second highest of those reported for eleven countries in Africa, Asia and South America as reported by Clark et al (2009 e Samples with average of 15,800 ppm purchased in 2006; those with 37,000 ppm avg. purchased in 2008.…”

Section: Background and Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Enamel household paints from retail shops in the Greater Cairo area were analyzed for total Pb on two occasions, one reported by Clark et al (2009) and the other presented in this manuscript. Results from the initial analysis of five colors from each of four major brands were included in with data from a total of eleven (11) countries in three continents.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data from paint analyses of new enamel decorative paints in twelve countries (Adebamowo et al, 2007;Clark et al, 2009) show average concentrations ranging between 7,000 ppm and 32,000 ppm total Pb. Most of the brands tested had concentrations exceeding 10,000 ppm in at least one sample, 111 times the current limit in the United States (CPSIA, 2008).…”

Section: Background and Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Follow-up on High Lead Concentrations in New Decorative Enamel Paints Available in Egypt

Clark¹,

Menrath

Zakaria

et al. 2013

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The average total lead concentration of new enamel household paints in Egypt was previously reported to be the second highest among the seven countries from Africa, Asia and South America that were included in a 2009 publication. The follow up study reported in this paper includes more than twice as many brands (11 versus 4) and samples (45 versus 20) as the initial study. Paints from three of the four brands included in the initial study were sampled again to examine possible changes. Paint from the eight brands not examined in the initial study had lower lead concentrations (4,150 ppm average) compared to brands in the initial study, 26,200 ppm resulting in an average concentration of 11,900 ppm in the follow up study. These two averages are 291-and 132-times higher, respectively, than the current U.S. limit of 90 ppm in new paints for consumer use.Paint lead concentrations in brands/colors manufactured at different times did not exhibit any overall pattern of increase or decrease. The data from the follow up and initial studies were combined using the sample collected more recently for those brand/colors collected twice, resulting in a total of fifty-two (52) samples with an average lead concentration of 14,300 ppm. The presence of lead in new paints continues to represent a threat to children and efforts are needed to cease the use of lead compounds in making paints by using readily available substitutes.In a 1997 report of the analyses of fifteen (15) new paints intended for use on the interior of houses, the median concentration, 370 ppm, and the maximum, 19,200 ppm, were much lower than those presented in this report. This is consistent with a statement in the 1997 report that anecdotal evidence that some paint companies may be starting or increasing the production of lead-based paint.

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