Leads from Physical, Chemical, and Thermal Characterization on Cytotoxic Effects of Xylan-Based Microparticles

Abstract

Interfacial cross-linking (ICL) has been considered a feasible technique to produce polysaccharide-based microparticles (PbMs), even though only a few studies have been concerned with their biocompatibility. In this work, PbMs were prepared by the ICL method and characterized in regard to their in vitro biocompatibility, chemical linkages, and physical and thermal properties. First, the cell viability assay revealed that PbMs toxicity was concentration-dependent. Then, it was observed that the toxicity may be related to the way in which the binding occurred, and not exclusively to the stoichiometry between the polymer and the cross-linking agent. Moreover, the PbMs biosafety was predicted by the use of physicochemical procedures, which were able to identify unbound cross-linking agent residues and also to reveal the improvement of their thermal stability. Accordingly, this work suggests a step-by-step physicochemical procedure able to predict potential toxicity from micro-structured devices produced by polysaccharides. Likewise, the use of PbMs as a drug carrier should be cautiously considered.

Arabinoxylan-Based Particles: In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity on a Human Colon Cell Line

“…Therefore, the presence of some broken AXM could be related to the freeze-drying process used prior to the SEM analyses. The freeze-drying process involves the formation of ice-crystals which can disrupt the structure of the material as has been reported previously in freeze-dried xylan-based microparticles [59].…”

“…In that study, the cell viability values (~96%) were close to those observed in the non-cancerous cell line (CCD 841 CoN) treated with AXM, which was evaluated in the present study. Moreover, Rodrigues et al [59] found that xylan was biocompatible with HeLa cells in the range of 4.1–12.4 mg/mL due to the non-toxic and highly safe characteristics of the biopolymer. The observations found in the present study demonstrate that AX and AXM exhibit good biocompatibility and do not have a cytotoxic effect on the normal human colon cell line CCD 841 CoN.…”

Water-in-Water Emulsion as a New Approach to Produce Mesalamine-Loaded Xylan-Based Microparticles

“…The preparation of microparticles based on hydrophilic polymers, such as polysaccharides derivatives, using techniques based on emulsion templates, majorly requires the use of organic solvents in order to form the hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases in which the internal hydrophilic phase contains the polymer [1][2][3]. In addition, together with the use of crosslinkers such as glutaraldehyde and terephthaloyl chloride, the microparticles produced by this way may present an important degree of toxicity [1,4].…”

“…As previously mentioned, the preparation of polysaccharide-based microparticles, including xylan-based microparticles (XBM), mostly requires the use of organic/harmful solvents such as cyclohexane, and crosslinkers, such as terephthaloyl chloride, during their preparation [1,9,10]. On this behalf, the water-in-water emulsion approach can produce microparticles by the mixture of two immiscible aqueous polymeric solutions.…”

“…∆G = ∆H mix − T ∆S mix (1) This phenomenon happens due to the high molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol (PEG), which limited the translational motion of the polymeric chains. This results in a smaller value of ∆S mix than ∆H mix .…”