Lean Automation System Responding to the Changing Market

SLAE–CPS: Smart Lean Automation Engine Enabled by Cyber-Physical Systems Technologies

“…However, quality, efficiency, lead times, and cost should be considered when improving production system flexibility under shrinking global economic conditions. Three solutions are now used to improve production system flexibility [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Human-centered systems: Among existing production management philosophies and methods, lean production focuses on human-centered production systems [ 6 , 7 ].…”

“…However, lean production has the following limitations when applied in Industry 4.0: In traditional lean production, changes in production processes, buffer stocks, or cycle times require laborious adjustments [ 8 ]. Therefore, production of complex products requires highly skilled workers who will be trained for a long time and are difficult to find and hire [ 5 ]. When dealing with complex production tasks, human-centered systems cannot stabilize production and therefore suffer from inconsistent operations, defects, and other problems.…”

“…Therefore, lean production eliminates much of the creativity necessary for innovations [ 3 ], thereby making enterprises miss advanced technology-push opportunities. Lean production also does not maximize the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies [ 5 ]. Automation systems: Automation systems are more stable than human-centered production systems in terms of operation efficiency, quality control, and other factors.…”

“…Therefore, lean production eliminates much of the creativity necessary for innovations [ 3 ], thereby making enterprises miss advanced technology-push opportunities. Lean production also does not maximize the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies [ 5 ].…”

“…In traditional lean production, changes in production processes, buffer stocks, or cycle times require laborious adjustments [ 8 ]. Therefore, production of complex products requires highly skilled workers who will be trained for a long time and are difficult to find and hire [ 5 ].…”