Learning in Mixed Traffic: Drivers’ Adaptation to Ambiguous Communication Depending on Their Expectations toward Automated and Manual Vehicles

A binary acceleration signal reduces overestimation in pedestrians’ visual time-to-collision estimation for accelerating vehicles

“…It was modeled after an external human-machine interface designed in the scope of the European interACT project [ 32 ] that has been previously used/adopted to communicate different content to road users, such as whether a vehicle was driving autonomously or manually controlled (e.g., Refs. [ [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] ]). In blocks with the acceleration signal, the light band illuminated at acceleration onset ( t accOnset ) until occlusion ( t occ ) ( Fig.…”