Least Mean Square Adaptive Digital Background Calibration of Pipelined Analog-to-Digital Converters

Blind Identification and Digital Calibration of Volterra Model Based on Least Mean Square Method

“…The technique can be considered as the natural evolution of the digital post calibration method [2], [3], [4], [5] toward the blind identification and the real-time compensation. The proposed solution removes the spectral spreading by estimating the coefficients of a Voterral model for the inverse nonlinearity.…”

“…Several other parametric models, such as the memory polynomial, Hammerstein and Wiener models, can be considered as the simplified format of the Volterra model. The inverse Volterra model of the memory nonlinearities could be used to post-compensate the unknown spurs for improving the linearization performance of the receiver's front end [3]- [5]. Performance improvement of 5.3 dB in terms of signal-to-noise ratio was achieved by a-priori approach [3].…”

“…Genetic Algorithm was applied to solve a system of nonlinear equations which the kernels of a discrete time Volterra series were the unknown parameters [4]. With the help of extra circuits or components, the distortion target was acquired [5]. In this paper, a blind identification method based on the LMS algorithm is proposed to achieve the inverse Volterra model of the memory nonlinearities for the receiver's front end.…”

An 11-bit 45MS/s pipelined ADC with rapid calibration of DAC errors in a multi-bit pipeline stage

“…It is noted that the approach of this work is similar to background calibration techniques where a more accurate but slower ADC is used in parallel with the ADC under calibration (e.g., [10]), where by adaptively equalizing the outputs of the fast ADC to the output of the slow ADC calibration can be achieved. In this work since the residue transfer function of one of the split ADCs is offset from the other, ADC A does not suffer an error in the first stage for the same range of inputs as ADC B, thus one ADC can be used as an ideal reference for the other eliminating the need for one of the ADCs to be more accurate than the other.…”

1 5 Bit Stage 12 Bit Pipeline ADC Design with Foreground Calibration

“…Foreground calibration lacks tracking capability; therefore, it is sensitive to drift in temperature, voltage supply, and device aging. Background calibration, no matter digital or analog, calibrates ADCs continuously in the background during normal operation thus, it has the advantages of tracking temperature change, voltage supply variations, and device aging [3][4][5]. Nevertheless, background calibration yields extra analog circuit complexity and area trade-off, on the other hand, foreground calibration can be applied in some special systems easily that allow intermittent operation even is recently in use.…”