Legionnaires' Disease

Erdoğan, Haluk

doi:10.4274/mjima.2018.2

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Anyway, although this type of thermal disinfection can be regarded as an effective control method, it has been seen that the genus Legionella has shown adaptation to a wide range of temperatures. Laboratory studies, for example, have shown that it can survive for 80–120 min at 50 °C and 2 min at 60 °C [ 10 ]. In real settings, some species, including L. pneumophila , were found able to grow at temperatures above 50 °C, and to survive up to 63 °C [ 11 ].…”

Section: Factors Related To the Growth And Survival Of Legionellaementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment

et al. 2021

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Legionella is able to remain in water as free-living planktonic bacteria or to grow within biofilms that adhere to the pipes. It is also able to enter amoebas or to switch into a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state, which contributes to its resistance to harsh conditions and hinders its detection in water. Factors regulating Legionella growth, such as environmental conditions, type and concentration of available organic and inorganic nutrients, presence of protozoa, spatial location of microorganisms, metal plumbing components, and associated corrosion products are important for Legionella survival and growth. Finally, water treatment and distribution conditions may affect each of these factors. A deeper comprehension of Legionella interactions in water distribution systems with the environmental conditions is needed for better control of the colonization. To this purpose, the implementation of water management plans is the main prevention measure against Legionella. A water management program requires coordination among building managers, health care providers, and Public Health professionals. The review reports a comprehensive view of the state of the art and the promising perspectives of both monitoring and disinfection methods against Legionella in water, focusing on the main current challenges concerning the Public Health sector.

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Section: Factors Related To the Growth And Survival Of Legionellaementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment

et al. 2021

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“…Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in air and can contain particles of any size 12 . The biofilm layers in the water and the amoeba and the cilia protozoa serve as both a food source and a shelter in adverse conditions and are survival surfaces for Legionella 13 . Studies show that 20 amoeba and two ciliated protozoa are hosts for Legionella.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on The Presence of Legionella pneumophila in Hospital Water Samples from Eastern Turkey

2023

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Objective: Legionnaires' disease is a fatal form of pneumonia brought on by an infection mostly caused by the 60 different species of Legionella pneumophila. Legionnaires' illness is caused by Legionella spp.-contaminated water systems. In this work, we sought to analyze Legionella species, serogroups (SG), and contamination in the water sources of hospitals in five regions in eastern Turkey. Methods: Between January 2017 and December 2018, a total of 1008 samples were examined, including 2 cooling towers, 62 hot water tanks, 104 cold water tanks, and 840 faucet shower heads. Samples were collected by the standard culture method L. pneumophila SG 1, it was analyzed for L. pneumophila SG 2-16 and Legionella spp. The samples were inoculated into BCYE and GVPC medium, and the colonies were assessed using a latex agglutination test, followed by species- and serotype-level identifications. Results: In our study, a total of 1008 water samples were examined, of which 35.31% (356) belonged to 2017, while 64.68% (652) belonged to 2018. 83.33% of the water samples were taken from faucets and shower heads, 10.32% from the cold water tank, 6.15% from the hot water tank, and 0.2% from the cooling tower, and the highest positivity rate was observed in the hot water tank with 12.60%. 7.04% (71) of the samples were positive, and 16.9% (12) of the positive samples were L. pneumophila SG 1, 77.46% (55) L. pneumophila SG 2-14 was detected, while 5.63% (4) were nonpneumophila (Legionella spp) it has been determined as. Conclusions: Legionella disease remains a significant public health threat. The water tanks of hospitals and hotels should be investigated more thoroughly, the necessary disinfection procedures should be carried out frequently. All hospitals should have water management policies, and towns and large buildings should establish comprehensive water system management programs that decrease Legionella growth and transmission. To enhance prevention measures and clinical diagnosis, we also need quicker ways of detecting Legionella in water systems and clinical samples.

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“…LD is also a significant cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia with very high mortality rates (40–80%) especially in immunocompromised patients when left untreated (WHO, 2011). Even when it is timely diagnosed and the proper therapy is followed, the rates remain high (5–30% among immunocompromised patients and 10–15% in immunocompetent patients) [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clusters of Healthcare-Associated Legionnaires’ Disease in Two Hospitals of Central Greece

Kyritsi

Mouchtouri

Katsiafliaka

et al. 2018

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases

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Healthcare-associated Legionnaires' disease often leads to fatal respiratory tract infection among hospitalized patients. In this report, three cases of Legionnaires' disease among patients in two different hospitals (Hospital A and Hospital B) were investigated. After conducting an epidemiologic and environmental investigation, the water distribution systems (WDSs) were identified as the possible source of infection, as Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) was isolated from both clinical and environmental samples. Patients received aerosol therapy with nebulizers during their hospitalization. Based on the results of the investigation, the hospitals' infection control committees reviewed their policies for Legionnaires' disease prevention and implemented control measures focusing on using sterile fluids for aerosol treatments.

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Legionnaires' Disease

Cited by 4 publications

References 57 publications

Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment

Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment

A Study on The Presence of Legionella pneumophila in Hospital Water Samples from Eastern Turkey

Clusters of Healthcare-Associated Legionnaires’ Disease in Two Hospitals of Central Greece

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