Leisure time physical activity in persons with spinal cord injury across the seasons

Impact of Seasonality on Physical Activity: A Systematic Review

“…These 26 studies were conducted in 18 different countries with a dominance of the USA with six contributions [ 16 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 53 ] and Canada with four [ 9 , 31 , 54 , 56 ]. Two studies were developed in countries as Japan [ 13 , 55 ] and Poland [ 17 , 44 ]. Other countries developed one as: France [ 59 ], Iceland [ 37 ], Lithuania [ 32 ], Netherlands [ 34 ], Qatar [ 5 ], South Korea [ 42 ] Sweden [ 45 ], and the United Kingdom [ 57 ].…”

“…Regarding types of climates, according to the Köppen climate classification, 9 types of climates were represented in the selected articles. Most of the studies were developed in locations with Dfb climate (11 studies) corresponding to a warm-summer humid continental climate [ 23 , 24 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 44 , 45 , 53 , 54 , 56 ], 5 studies in Cfb regions (temperate oceanic climate) [ 15 , 19 , 57 , 59 , 60 ], 4 in Dfc (subartic climate) [ 15 , 45 , 54 , 56 ] and 3 in Cfa (humid subtropical climate) [ 13 , 19 , 55 ]. Just one study corresponds to a Bwh (hot desert climate) [ 5 ], Cfc (subpolar oceanic climate) [ 37 ], Dfa (hot summer humid continental climate) [ 20 ] or Dwa (Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate) [ 42 ].…”

“…Four studies included more than 1000 participants and nine less than 100 participants. Regarding the age of the people included, the mean age ranged from 30 years [ 44 ] to 80.3 years [ 37 ]. Twelve out of the 26 publications included participants with a specific pathology: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [ 15 , 19 , 20 , 59 , 60 ], heart failure (HF) [ 23 , 24 , 45 ], lung cancer [ 42 ], coronary heart disease [ 56 ], spinal cord injury [ 44 ] and type II diabetes and/or hypertension [ 54 ].…”

“…Concerning the design of the included studies, 15 were observational longitudinal studies (cohorts), including prospective (14 studies) [ 5 , 9 , 19 , 27 , 37 , 42 , 44 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 60 ] and one retrospective design [ 24 ]. Seven were designed as cross-sectional observational studies [ 13 , 15 , 17 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 45 ], one study was a quasi-experimental pre-post design [ 58 ], and three out of the 26 studies were randomized controlled trials [ 16 , 20 , 23 ].…”

“…[ 15 , 43 ]. Additionally, due to the lack of adapted indoor facilities, wheelchair users are affected by seasonal variations and unfavorable weather conditions [ 44 ].…”