Leptospirosis, a Re-emerging Threat

Monteiro, Margarida; Sousa, Inês Egídio de; Piteira, Maria; Coelho, Sílvia; Freitas, Paulo

doi:10.7759/cureus.14295

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Ця хвороба була визнана глобальною проблемою охорони здоров'я через зростання захворюваности в багатьох країнах [7,14]. Лептоспіроз є одним із найпоширеніших зоонозів на планеті [8,10,12]. Щорічна кількість офіційно зареєстрованих випадків цієї хвороби перевищує один мільйон [9].…”

Section: дослідження поширености лептоспірозу на території львівської...unclassified

“…Щорічна кількість офіційно зареєстрованих випадків цієї хвороби перевищує один мільйон [9]. Лептоспіроз -природно-вогнищева ре-емерджентна хвороба, епідемічний процес якої виявляється у вигляді великих спалахів, насамперед у країнах, що розвиваються, серед найбідніших верств населення, а також у районах із тропічним кліматом, де типовими є сезони дощів із підтопленням територій [5,7,10]. Розуміння змін, що стосуються просторової і функціональної будови природних осередків лептоспірозу, особливостей епізоотичного та епідемічного процесів, має особливе значення для практичної медицини.…”

Section: дослідження поширености лептоспірозу на території львівської...unclassified

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Study of Leptosirosis Prevalence on the Territory of Lviv Region with Using of GIS Technologies

Zubach¹,

Ben²,

Semenyshyn³

et al. 2022

Lʹviv. klin. visn.

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Introduction. Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread bacterial zoonosis in the world. Understanding the changes affecting the spatial and functional structure of natural foci of leptospirosis, peculiarities of epizootic and epidemic processes is of particular importance for practical medicine. For this purpose, we have chosen a geographic information system (GIS), which helps to summarize information about the incidence of leptospirosis in Lviv region. The aim of the study. Our study aimed to assess the territorial spreading of leptospirosis and identify the risks of infection with this disease in Lviv Oblast based on evident retrospective analysis of the epidemic process using geomapping technologies created with geographic information systems. Materials and methods. An electronic database of leptospirosis cases in humans and infected mouse-like rodents was created using Microsoft Excel. The QGIS 2.0.1 was used to analyze the obtained data, the map of the 259 human and 3524 rodent cases of Leptospirosis in Lviv Oblast was created. All calculations were performed using the ʺStatistica 10.0ʺ application package by Windows. The results were statistically processed using the Fisher’s bilateral test. Results. Layered plotting of the data on Lviv Oblast map demonstrated the diversity and distribution of leptospirosis cases in humans and rodents. Further comparisons took into account the geographical landscape of the Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian Carpathians, Forest-steppe and Forest zones). The greatest number rodents that tested positive was observed in the forest-steppe zone (13.16 %), 10.66 % of all positive animals came from the forest zone, and 10.26 % of test-positive animals came from the zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians (both p value less than 0.05). A similar pattern was found in humans: significantly more cases of the disease were recorded in Forest-steppe zone – 62.94 %, compared with the Forest zone (24.32 %) and the zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians (12.74 %), both p value less than 0.001. Conclusions. The geographic information system allowed to obtain a spatial understanding of the Leptospira geographical distribution in Lviv Oblast. The zoning of the territory with using of geographic information systems determins that the area of the highest risk of infection of leptospirosis for people is the Forest-steppe zone of Lviv Region.

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Section: дослідження поширености лептоспірозу на території львівської...unclassified

Study of Leptosirosis Prevalence on the Territory of Lviv Region with Using of GIS Technologies

Zubach¹,

Ben²,

Semenyshyn³

et al. 2022

Lʹviv. klin. visn.

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“… 1 , 2 One of the most widespread neglected tropical zoonosis is caused by pathogenic Leptospira transmitted through an animal vector, particularly rodents. 3 , 4 The global burden of the disease in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) reports ∼2.90 million from 1.03 million estimated cases per year with 58,900 lethalities. 5 Such health statistics greatly impact the country’s economy significantly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once restricted to agricultural practice, leptospirosis is becoming a re-emerging threat to public health even in the urban population. As part of urbanization, an increase in slum areas that host reservoir animals, together with frequent natural calamities like rain and flood, increased the occurrence of leptospirosis outbreaks. , One of the most widespread neglected tropical zoonosis is caused by pathogenic Leptospira transmitted through an animal vector, particularly rodents. , The global burden of the disease in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) reports ∼2.90 million from 1.03 million estimated cases per year with 58,900 lethalities . Such health statistics greatly impact the country’s economy significantly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Posttranslational Modification Sites of Acetylation, Citrullination, Glutarylation, and Phosphorylation Are Found to Be Specific to the Proteins Partitioned in the Triton X-114 Fractions of Leptospira

et al. 2022

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Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are decisive factors in the structure, function, and localization of proteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. However, prokaryotic organisms lack subcellular organelles, and protein localization based on subcellular locations like cytoplasm, inner membrane, periplasm, and outer membrane can be accounted for functional characterization. We have identified 131 acetylated, 1182 citrullinated, 72 glutarylated, 5 palmitoylated, and 139 phosphorylated proteins from Triton X-114 fractionated proteins of Leptospira , the pathogen of re-emerging zoonotic disease leptospirosis. In total, 74.7% of proteins were found exclusively in different Triton X-114 fractions. Additionally, 21.9% of proteins in multiple fractions had one or more PTM specific to different Triton X-114 fractions. Altogether, 96.6% of proteins showed exclusiveness to different Triton X-114 fractions either due to the presence of the entire protein or with a specific PTM type or position. Further, the PTM distribution within Triton X-114 fractions showed higher acetylation in aqueous, glutarylation in detergent, phosphorylation in pellet, and citrullination in wash fractions representing cytoplasmic, outer membrane, inner membrane, and extracellular locations, respectively. Identification of PTMs in proteins with respect to the subcellular localization will help to characterize candidate proteins before developing novel drugs and vaccines rationally to combat leptospirosis.

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“…Leptospira excreted through urine can survive in contaminated water or soil for several months. Leptospirosis in humans is mostly acquired through direct contact with infected animals or indirect contact with urine-contaminated environments ( 14 , 15 ). Most infected people have subclinical or mild symptoms, but if not diagnosed and treated early may progress to a severe disease characterized by liver, kidney or lung dysfunction, or bleeding manifestations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Leptospira in murine in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Li²,

Shi³

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease caused by pathogenic bacteria from the genus Leptospira. The disease is widely distributed throughout China, causing harm to human and animal health. Murine may naturally carry a variety of pathogenic Leptospira, thus being important sources of infection by humans and livestock. The aim of this study was to assess and analyse the prevalence of Leptospira and its risk factors in murine. We collected 46 publications published between inception and 2022 through China Knowledge Network (CNKI), VIP Chinese Journal Database, Wanfang Database, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. In these studies, a total of 54,051 murine in 5 regions of China were investigated, and the prevalence of leptospirosis ranged from 1.11 to 35.29%. The prevalence of murine leptospirosis in south China was the highest, at 20.13%, and the lowest in northeast China, at 1.11% (P < 0.05). The prevalence of leptospirosis in male murine was 21.38%, which was significantly higher than that in females (17.07%; P < 0.05). Results according to detection method subgroup showed that the prevalence from serological testing was 15.94%, which was significantly higher than that of etiology and molecular biology methods (P < 0.01). In the sample subgroup, the positive rate of serum samples was 15.30%, which was significantly higher than that of tissue samples, at 7.97%. In addition, the influence of different geographical factors on prevalence was analyzed, indicating that the Yangtze River Basin was a high-incidence area for leptospirosis. The study showed that Leptospira were ubiquitous throughout the country, and factors such as environment, temperature and landform affect the murine distribution and their bacteria carrying rate. We suggest strengthening the continuous monitoring of leptospirosis and taking effective and comprehensive measures such as reducing water contact, vaccinating in high-incidence seasons, and avoiding human contamination caused by water pollution and contact with infected murine.

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Leptospirosis, a Re-emerging Threat

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Study of Leptosirosis Prevalence on the Territory of Lviv Region with Using of GIS Technologies

Study of Leptosirosis Prevalence on the Territory of Lviv Region with Using of GIS Technologies

Unique Posttranslational Modification Sites of Acetylation, Citrullination, Glutarylation, and Phosphorylation Are Found to Be Specific to the Proteins Partitioned in the Triton X-114 Fractions of Leptospira

Prevalence of Leptospira in murine in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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