Lessons Learned from the Ebola Virus Disease and COVID-19 Preparedness to Respond to the Human Monkeypox Virus Outbreak in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Abstract

Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the human monkeypox virus disease an international health emergency. In the past decades, infectious disease epidemics have significantly impacted low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) being the most recent. LMICs, particularly in Africa and Asia, responded reasonably well by strengthening health systems, including infection prevention and control strategies, laboratory systems, risk communication, and training of essential healthcare workers for surge capacity in preparation for and response to COVID-19. With the possibility of other epidemics, such as the current epidemic of human Monkeypox, a consolidated global response is required. This article discusses lessons learned from previous Ebola and COVID-19 outbreaks and also provides recommendations on how these lessons can be useful to strengthen monkeypox disease outbreak preparedness and response in LMIC.

Clinical features of monkeypox in adults

“…(22) A pesar de que la MPV no es una enfermedad tan grave, puede llegar a causar la muerte. (23) Dentro de las lesiones más prevalentes se encuentran las lesiones en la piel tipo vesiculopustuloso, seguido de fiebre, cefalea y prurito; 12,15,18,20 y dentro de las menos frecuentes está la artralgia, mialgia, odinofagia, y lesiones en región oral y perioral. (12,15,18,19,20) La mayor parte de los autores afirma que el período de incubación de MPXV va de 5 a 21 días.…”

“…(23) Dentro de las lesiones más prevalentes se encuentran las lesiones en la piel tipo vesiculopustuloso, seguido de fiebre, cefalea y prurito; 12,15,18,20 y dentro de las menos frecuentes está la artralgia, mialgia, odinofagia, y lesiones en región oral y perioral. (12,15,18,19,20) La mayor parte de los autores afirma que el período de incubación de MPXV va de 5 a 21 días. (3,8,20,23,24,25,26,27) Del total de los investigadores, solo 3 describen que la sintomatología dura de entre 2 y 5 semanas.…”

“…(12,15,18,19,20) La mayor parte de los autores afirma que el período de incubación de MPXV va de 5 a 21 días. (3,8,20,23,24,25,26,27) Del total de los investigadores, solo 3 describen que la sintomatología dura de entre 2 y 5 semanas. (3,23,25) Y según cuatro autores, se inician con síntomas inespecíficos como la cefalea, fiebre, dolor de espalda, letargo, mialgia, escalofríos, fatiga, e incluso los ganglios linfáticos pueden estar inflamados; pero solo dos de estos agregan a estos síntomas la postración, náuseas, vómitos, miodinia, desmayos, y ganglios inflamados que son un signo que caracteriza a la MPV.…”

A sentiment and content analysis of tweets on monkeypox stigma among the LGBTQ+ community: A cue to risk communication plan

“…Mpox is transmitted via direct contact with the infectious rash, scabs, or bodily fluids, including respiratory secretions, as well as by touching objects (such as clothing or linens) that have been in contact with the infectious rash or fluids. Mpox has been isolated from sperm, although it is unknown if it might be transmitted through sexual contact without causing rashes [ 6 ]. Therefore, the challenges surrounding the emergence of public health concerns are difficult and intricate because they have far-reaching implications not just in the medical, but also in the social, economic, political, and behavioural sectors [ 7 ].…”

“…Therefore data from social media sources can be analysed not only for syndromic surveillance but also to address public health related concerns and direct public perception using web based information. It may also be used to foster efficient communication among social media users and other platforms capable of countering conspiracy theories [ 6 ].…”