Lethal bluetongue virus infection in an alpaca

Henrich, Manfred; Reinacher, M.; Hamann, Hans-Peter

doi:10.1136/vr.161.22.764

Cited by 35 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Asymptomatic infections have been recorded in various other species such as deer, alpaca, llamas, and goats [17–19]. Since the emergence of BTV serotype 8 in northern Europe, significant clinical disease in cattle herds and goats has been reported [20].…”

Section: Viruses Associated With Transmission By Midgesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Molecular Detection Methods for Arboviruses of Livestock of Importance to Northern Europe

Johnson

Voller

Phipps

et al. 2012

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

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Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. Their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. The early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. Although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to highlight those diseases that primarily affect livestock, although many are zoonotic and some occasionally cause human mortality. This paper also highlights the molecular detection methods specific to each virus and identifies those emerging diseases for which a rapid detection methods are not yet developed.

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Section: Viruses Associated With Transmission By Midgesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Molecular Detection Methods for Arboviruses of Livestock of Importance to Northern Europe

Johnson

Voller

Phipps

et al. 2012

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

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“…The circulation of BTV has been previously described in a wide range of wild ruminant species in many countries from different continents, including North America (Hoff and Trainer 1978;Aguirre et al 1995;Stallknecht and Howerth 2004;Johnson et al 2006), South America (Rivera et al 1987;Bender et al 2003), Africa (Formenty et al 1994), Asia (Frölich et al 2005) and Europe (De Curtis et al 2006;Henrich et al 2007;Gür 2008;Linden et al 2008). …”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Bluetongue epidemiology in wild ruminants from Southern Spain

et al. 2008

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Serum samples from 210 wild ruminants collected between 2006 and 2007 in southern Spain were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus (BTV) by means of a competitive ELISA assay. Eighty-seven of the 210 wild ruminants analysed (41%) showed antibodies against BTV. Statistically significant differences were found in the seroprevalence among species: 66% (65 of 98) for red deer (Cervus elaphus), 50% (ten of 20) for fallow deer (Dama dama), 33% (three of nine) for mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) and 11% (nine of 83) for Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Overall, the sites where seropositive wild ruminants were found coincide with the areas where BTV had been detected in livestock, but in eastern Sierra Morena, the virus circulated in wild ruminants, although it had not been detected in domestic ruminants in the same areas. Wild ruminants over 1-year of age (sub-adults and adults) had significantly higher seroprevalences than juvenile animals. Statistically significant differences were also observed between BTV seroprevalence and management (free-ranging vs. captivity) with higher prevalence in freeranging animals. The high seroprevalences obtained suggest that BTV is widespread in wild ruminants in southern Spain. This factor could have an important influence on the evolution of the infection in domestic livestock and indicates the need to include wild ruminant species in BTV surveillance or control programs.

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“…Cattle and other wild ruminants have a certain degree of resistance to disease, although they are fully susceptible to infection. Cattle show longer periods of viremia and are, therefore, considered reservoirs of infection (21, 25–31). Goats are also susceptible to BTV infection but do not appear to be very susceptible to disease, although contrasting reports appear in the literature, and the heterogeneous experimental conditions used in different studies make it difficult to compare the available data (19, 24, 32–36).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus and Host Factors Affecting the Clinical Outcome of Bluetongue Virus Infection

Caporale

Gialleonorado

Janowicz

et al. 2014

J Virol

103

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Bluetongue is a major infectious disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus transmitted by Culicoides. Here, we assessed virus and host factors influencing the clinical outcome of BTV infection using a single experimental framework. We investigated how mammalian host species, breed, age, BTV serotypes, and strains within a serotype affect the clinical course of bluetongue. Results obtained indicate that in small ruminants, there is a marked difference in the susceptibility to clinical disease induced by BTV at the host species level but less so at the breed level. No major differences in virulence were found between divergent serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2). However, we observed striking differences in virulence between closely related strains of the same serotype collected toward the beginning and the end of the European BTV-8 outbreak. As observed previously, differences in disease severity were also observed when animals were infected with either blood from a BTV-infected animal or from the same virus isolated in cell culture. Interestingly, with the exception of two silent mutations, full viral genome sequencing showed identical consensus sequences of the virus before and after cell culture isolation. However, deep sequencing analysis revealed a marked decrease in the genetic diversity of the viral population after passaging in mammalian cells. In contrast, passaging in Culicoides cells increased the overall number of low-frequency variants compared to virus never passaged in cell culture. Thus, Culicoides might be a source of new viral variants, and viral population diversity can be another factor influencing BTV virulence.IMPORTANCE Bluetongue is one of the major infectious diseases of ruminants. It is caused by an arbovirus known as bluetongue virus (BTV). The clinical outcome of BTV infection is extremely variable. We show that there are clear links between the severity of bluetongue and the mammalian host species infected, while at the breed level differences were less evident. No differences were observed in the virulence of two different BTV serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2). In contrast, we show that the European BTV-8 strain isolated at the beginning of the bluetongue outbreak in 2006 was more virulent than a strain isolated toward the end of the outbreak. In addition, we show that there is a link between the variability of the BTV population as a whole and virulence, and our data also suggest that Culicoides cells might function as an “incubator” of viral variants.

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Lethal bluetongue virus infection in an alpaca

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Rapid Molecular Detection Methods for Arboviruses of Livestock of Importance to Northern Europe

Rapid Molecular Detection Methods for Arboviruses of Livestock of Importance to Northern Europe

Bluetongue epidemiology in wild ruminants from Southern Spain

Virus and Host Factors Affecting the Clinical Outcome of Bluetongue Virus Infection

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