Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) Modulation: a Novel, Non-Hormonal Contraceptive Method

Abstract

Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated that Leukemia Inhibitory factor (LIF) plays an essential role in embryonic implantation. Vaginal application of pegylated LIF antagonists can successfully prevent implantation and pregnancy in mice. The development of non-hormonal, female-controlled contraceptives is imperative, as combined oral contraceptives are associated with depression and are not feasible for use in all women.Methods: This paper reviews 44 studies regarding LIF, implantation, hormonal contraceptives and the use of LIF antagonists as a means to inhibit pregnancy.Summary: Current research indicates that LIF-modulation could be effective as a non-hormonal contraceptive method, although researchers should be wary of the negative side effects associated with systemic LIF modulation. Vaginal application of LIF antagonists could decrease the risk of negative side effects.

Non-Hormonal Contraception

“…Various proteins and enzymes at each phase of human reproduction have been identified as potential contraceptive targets (Table 2). In Development [151] IL -11 In Development [152] 3.2.1. Disruption of Gamete Production Spermatogenesis (Figure 2) is the continuous sequence of cell proliferation and differentiation by which germ cells become spermatozoa.…”

“…LIF-6 binds to uterine epithelial proteins to form an activated complex involved in endometrial cell adhesion and stromal cell decidualization which are critical to embryo implantation. A PEGylated LIF-antagonist was shown to inhibit human embryo attachment in vitro, though LIF's ubiquitous nature makes it difficult to target while avoiding off-target effects elsewhere in the body [151]. IL-11 has also been identified as a key cytokine for embryo implantation.…”