Leukemia Risk Associated with Benzene Exposure in the Pliofilm Cohort: I. Mortality Update and Exposure Distribution

Paxton, Mary Burr; Chinchilli, Vernon M.; Brett, Susan M.; Rodricks, Joseph V.

doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00039.x

Cited by 63 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A wide range of exposures was encountered, with relatively few other chemicals involved. There have been several publications from this cohort giving mortality results31 36-39 and risk assessments with different methods of estimating exposure and different mathematical models 3140-48 …”

Section: Human Health Effects Due To Exposure To Benzenementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Benzene in the environment: an assessment of the potential risks to the health of the population

Duarte‐Davidson¹,

Courage

Rushton³

et al. 2001

Occup Environ Med

252

141

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Objectives-Benzene has long been recognised as a carcinogen and recent concern has centred on the eVects of continuous exposure to low concentrations of benzene both occupationally and environmentally. This paper presents an overview of the current knowledge about human exposure to benzene in the United Kingdom population based on recently published data, summarises the known human health eVects, and uses this information to provide a risk evaluation for sections of the general United Kingdom population. Method-Given the minor contribution that non-inhalation sources make to the overall daily intake of benzene to humans, only exposure from inhalation has been considered when estimating the daily exposure of the general population to benzene. Exposure of adults, children, and infants to benzene has been estimated for diVerent exposure scenarios with timeactivity patterns and inhalation and absorption rates in conjunction with measured benzene concentrations for a range of relevant microenvironments. Exposures during refuelling and driving, as well as the contribution of active and passive tobacco smoke, have been considered as part of the characterisation of risk of the general population. Results-Infants (<1 years old), the average child (11 years old), and nonoccupationally exposed adults, receive average daily doses in the range of 15-26, 29-50, and 75-522 µg of benzene, respectively, which correspond to average ranges to benzene in air of 3.40-5.76 µg/m 3 , 3.37-5.67 µg/m 3 , and 3.7-41 µg/m 3 for infants, children, and adults, respectively. Infants and children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke have concentrations of exposure to benzene comparable with those of an adult passive smoker. This is a significant source of exposure as a 1995 United Kingdom survey has shown that 47% of children aged 2-15 years live in households where at least one person smokes. The consequence of exposure to benzene in infants is more significant than for children or adults owing to their lower body weight, resulting in a higher daily intake for infants compared with children or non-smoking adults. A worst case scenario for exposure to benzene in the general population is that of an urban smoker who works adjacent to a busy road for 8 hours/day-for example, a maintenance worker-who can receive a mean daily exposure of about 820 µg (equal to an estimated exposure of 41 µg/m 3 ). The major health risk associated with low concentrations of exposure to benzene has been shown to be leukaemia, in particular acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia. The lowest concentration of exposure at which an increased incidence of acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia among occupationally exposed workers has been reliably detected, has been estimated to be in the range of 32-80 mg/m 3 . Although some studies have suggested that eVects may occur at lower concentrations, clear estimates of risk have not been determined, partly because of the inadequacy of exposure data and the few cases. Conclusions-Overall the evidence from human studies suggests that ...

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Section: Human Health Effects Due To Exposure To Benzenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pooled analysis of the data from four studies31 48 52 56 has been carried out13with several models. No dose-response pattern was found at concentrations of exposure below 1 ppm (3.2 μg/m 3 ).…”

Section: Human Health Effects Due To Exposure To Benzenementioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene in the environment: an assessment of the potential risks to the health of the population

Duarte‐Davidson¹,

Courage

Rushton³

et al. 2001

Occup Environ Med

252

141

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The Pliofilm study investigated workers exposed to benzene in three rubber hydrochloride (Pliofilm) manufacturing plants Finkelstein, 2000;Infante, 1978;Infante, et al, 1977;Ireland, et al, 1997;Paxton, et al, 1994aPaxton, et al, , 1994bRinsky, et al, 1981Rinsky, et al, , 1987Rinsky, et al, , 2002Schnatter, et al, 1996a;Wong, 1995). Mortality from all leukemias was increased but decreased after additional years of follow-up, suggesting that the excess risk diminished with time since exposure (Rinsky, et al, 2002).…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 97%

ATSDR evaluation of health effects of benzene and relevance to public health

et al. 2008

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As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals found at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) sites that have the greatest public health impact. These profiles comprehensively summarize toxicological and environmental information. This article constitutes the release of portions of the Toxicological Profile for Benzene. The primary purpose of this article is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of benzene. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health.

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“…Additional reports and papers (Paxton et al, 1994a, b;Crump, 1994) have addressed the potential for alteration of the USEPA benzene SF. However, the extent to which these have been reviewed, either by external peer review or the USEPA, has not been directly ascertained.…”

Section: A Potential For Alteration Of the Benzene Sfmentioning

confidence: 97%

Evaluation of the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) standard for JP‐4 jet fuel

McKenna¹,

Youngren²,

Baker³

et al. 1995

Journal of Soil Contamination

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The potential for use of alternatives to total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) for remediation purposes was examined specifically for JP-4 fuel. The study objective was to determine the scientific basis for use of fuel constituents other than TPH in establishing soil cleanup standards at JP-4-contaminated sites. The general bases for TPH soil cleanup standards or goals were characterized. Problems with the use of TPH for cleanup included its lack of specificity (e.g., method-, medium-, and time-from-spill-dependency) as well as the lack of toxicological relevance. JP-4 fuel constituents (alkanes, BTEX [i.e., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs, i.e., chrysene], and naphthalenes) were identified as potential TPH alternatives. A series of criteria were applied to assess the viability of the use of specific JP-4 constituents as TPH alternatives, and to select the most appropriate alternative. Criteria included chemical fate and transport, toxicity, and regulatory standards for relevant media of concern. Consideration of these criteria ultimately resulted in selection of benzene as the JP-4 indicator of choice. The potential for altering risk-based benzene soil cleanup concentrations (preliminary remediation goals, PRGs) was examined, and encompassed the basis for the existing benzene cancer slope factor (SF) as well as the role of distributional analysis of exposure parameters (Monte Carlo) that might be employed at JP-4 spill sites. Results and conclusions are presented, and the implications for fuels other than JP-4 are also discussed.

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Leukemia Risk Associated with Benzene Exposure in the Pliofilm Cohort: I. Mortality Update and Exposure Distribution

Cited by 63 publications

References 6 publications

Benzene in the environment: an assessment of the potential risks to the health of the population

Benzene in the environment: an assessment of the potential risks to the health of the population

ATSDR evaluation of health effects of benzene and relevance to public health

Evaluation of the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) standard for JP‐4 jet fuel

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