Lichen Fungal Secondary Metabolites: Progress in the Genomic Era Toward Ecological Roles in the Interaction

Gill, Harman; Sorensen, John L.; Collemare, Jérôme

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16503-0_7

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Lichen thalli contain many bioactive compounds with pharmacological properties including antimicrobial, anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities [2][3][4][5][6], which are mainly produced by lichen-forming fungi, called mycobiont [4]. Secondary metabolites in lichens include the structurally diverse aromatic polyketides, which are biosynthesized through the successive condensation of acetyl units derived from malonyl-CoA [7][8][9]. The biosynthetic enzymes involved in the synthesis of aromatic polyketides, such as depsides and depsidones, are non-reducing polyketide synthases [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the BGCs for gyrophoric acid [37], olivetoric acid/ physodic acid [38] were tentatively assigned via phylogenetic analysis. Despite a great deal of natural products from fungal lineages [2,26,39,40], BGCs responsible for the biosynthesis of major lichen metabolites are still unknown [41] due to extremely slow growth rate of mycobionts in culture [8] and limited molecular tools for manipulating mycobionts recalcitrant to genetic transformation [12]. To overcome these hurdles in studying on biosynthetic genes in lichens, the expression levels of biosynthetic genes were correlated with the amount of produced metabolites of interest [10,21,42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of a biosynthetic gene cluster for a red pigment cristazarin produced by a lichen-forming fungus Cladonia metacorallifera

et al. 2023

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Lichens are known to produce many novel bioactive metabolites. To date, approximately 1,000 secondary metabolites have been discovered, which are predominantly produced by the lichen mycobionts. However, despite the extensive studies on production of lichen secondary metabolites, little is known about the responsible biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Here, we identified a putative BGC that is implicated in production of a red pigment, cristazarin (a naphthazarin derivative), in Cladonia metacorallifera. Previously, cristazarin was shown to be specifically induced in growth media containing fructose as a sole carbon source. Thus, we performed transcriptome analysis of C. metacorallifera growing on different carbon sources including fructose to identify the BGC for cristazarin. Among 39 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes found in the genome of C. metacorallifera, a non-reducing PKS (coined crz7) was highly expressed in growth media containing either fructose or glucose. The borders of a cristazarin gene cluster were delimited by co-expression patterns of neighboring genes of the crz7. BGCs highly conserved to the cristazarin BGC were also found in C. borealis and C. macilenta, indicating that these related species also have metabolic potentials to produce cristazarin. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Crz7 is sister to fungal PKSs that biosynthesize an acetylated tetrahydoxynaphthalene as a precursor of melanin pigment. Based on the phylogenetic placement of the Crz7 and putative functions of its neighboring genes, we proposed a plausible biosynthetic route for cristazarin. In this study, we identified a lichen-specific BGC that is likely involved in the biosynthesis of a naphthazarin derivative, cristazarin, and confirmed that transcriptome profiling under inducing and non-inducing conditions is an effective strategy for linking metabolites of interest to biosynthetic genes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a biosynthetic gene cluster for a red pigment cristazarin produced by a lichen-forming fungus Cladonia metacorallifera

et al. 2023

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Geçmişten günümüze potansiyel hammadde kaynağı: Likenler

TOKSÖZ

2023

Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies

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Likenler içerdikleri 1000’den fazla metabolite sayesinde antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antifungal, instektisidal, antikanser ve boyar madde potansiyelleri gibi biyolojik etkinliklerinden dolayı çeşitli sektörlerde potansiyel bir hammadde kaynağı olarak tercih edilmektedir. Yüzlerce yıldır etnofarmakolojik olarak bir çok hastalığın tedavisinde halk arasında kullanılmasının yanı sıra günümüzde hala likenlerin ilaç potansiyelleri araştırılmaya devam edilmektedir. Likenlerin aromatik ve besleyici özellikleri nedeniyle, gıda sektöründe baharat, ekmekçilik, pastacılık ve çay olarak kullanımları devam etmektedir. Likenlerin ekonomik anlamda en önemli kullanım alanlarından biri olan boyar madde içerikleri nedeniyle başta tekstil sektörü olmak üzere bir çok sektörde tercih edilmektedir. Ayrıca tarımsal alanda ise fitopatojenlere karşı insektisidal ve antifungal etkinliğe sahip oldukları bilinmektedir. Likenlerin ve içerdikleri metabolitlerin yalnızca bir kısmının etkinlikleri biliniyor olsada, tüm özellikleri hala tam olarak aydınlatılmamıştır. Bu bağlamda, liken ve etken maddelerinin biyoaktivitelerinin gelecekte açığa çıkartılmasıyla birlikte, birçok sektörde potansiyel hammadde olarak kullanılması öngörülmektedir.

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Lichen Fungal Secondary Metabolites: Progress in the Genomic Era Toward Ecological Roles in the Interaction

Cited by 2 publications

References 107 publications

Identification of a biosynthetic gene cluster for a red pigment cristazarin produced by a lichen-forming fungus Cladonia metacorallifera

Identification of a biosynthetic gene cluster for a red pigment cristazarin produced by a lichen-forming fungus Cladonia metacorallifera

Geçmişten günümüze potansiyel hammadde kaynağı: Likenler

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