Life cycle assessment – introduction and overview

Russell, Andrea J.; Ekvall, Tomas; Baumann, Henrikke

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.05.008

Cited by 54 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…For the ERASM SLE study, a general allocation approach for all surfactants was found inappropriate, and various allocation methods were tested and applied individually for each production system to reflect as much as possible industry reality. Rebitzer et al (2004), Russel et al (2005), and Curran (2007) provide a more detailed analysis on the issue of allocation in LCA. Allocation was applied to fore-and background systems within the study.…”

Section: Co-product Treatment Allocation and Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

New and updated life cycle inventories for surfactants used in European detergents: summary of the ERASM surfactant life cycle and ecofootprinting project

Schowanek

Borsboom-Patel

Bouvy

et al. 2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Cradle-to-gate life cycle inventories (LCIs) for the production of a series of common surfactants used in European detergents and personal care products have been voluntarily compiled by 14 major companies collaborating within ERASM (www.erasm.org). The study builds on a similar project executed by CEFIC-Franklin (1994) and summarised by Stalmans et al. (Tenside Surf Det 32:84-109, 1995). The data are targeted as an industry-agreed and representative market average for surfactants in Europe for the reference year 2011. The purpose of this paper is to describe how these dataset were generated, to provide some summary results and interpretation, and to indicate where the full datasets and additional technical documentation can be found. Methods The methodology followed was an attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, compliant with LCA standards ISO 14040 (2006), ISO 14044 (2006), and ILCD entry level (2010). For each major unit process in the production of surfactants and precursors, a minimum of three companies (a 'trio') was identified. When no industry-specific data were available, either literature or recent and reliable process data were used. For worldwide traded precursor materials like palm oil, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil, an extensive literaturebased LCI study was performed. Two independent external reviewers supported the project from the beginning through completion. In addition, the oil palm and coconut-and tallowbased renewable precursors were reviewed by a third independent expert.Results and discussion In the study, a good level of representativeness was achieved with 70 primary data collections in 12 companies. To illustrate the outcome of the work, two indicators/impacts were calculated and reported, i.e. primary energy demand (PED) and global warming potential (GWP). The LCIs allow the calculation of additional impact categories, but these were not analysed within the scope of this project.The PED for most of the surfactants and their precursors is in the range of 52 to 77 GJ/tonne. Exceptions are the production of cocamide diethanolamine (CDEA) and C16-C18 triethanolamine esterquat (TEA-quat) with a PED of around 40 GJ/tonne, and 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) around 108 GJ/tonne. Petrochemical precursors show an intensive but established and optimised supply chain. Where comparison is possible, their PED does not differ much from the earlier CEFIC-Franklin (1994) data. There are indications that PED for surfactant production has decreased slightly over the last 20 years due to energy efficiency measures.The GWP for the reportable precursors ranges from − 1989 kg CO 2 e/tonne for Coconut Oil Methyl Ester to 4894 kg CO 2 e/tonne for DMAPA. For the final surfactants, the range is from − 887 kg CO 2 e/tonne for CDEA to 2674 kg CO 2 e/tonne for C12-C15 AE3. There is a significant difference between the cradle-to-gate GWP of the renewable precursors palm oil/palm kernel oil (PO/PKO) and coconut oil (CNO). The CNO products have a calculated net negative cradle-to-g...

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Section: Co-product Treatment Allocation and Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

New and updated life cycle inventories for surfactants used in European detergents: summary of the ERASM surfactant life cycle and ecofootprinting project

Schowanek

Borsboom-Patel

Bouvy

et al. 2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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“…No início, foram encontrados muitos obstáculos para a sua harmonização e padronização, o que estimulou o interesse acadêmico neste método [7] . Atualmente, a estrutura metodológica da ACV é descrita pela International Organization for Standardization (ISO), da série ISO 14000 e as suas similares brasileiras ABNT/ISO são: [8] .…”

Section: Avaliação Do Ciclo De Vidaunclassified

Impactos ambientais da produção de garrafas de polietileno numa indústria de Teresina-PI

Silva

Neto

2015

Polímeros

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ResumoA Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta que possibilita a avaliação da performance ambiental de processos, produtos e serviços. Neste trabalho, a ACV é empregada para avaliar etapas do ciclo de vida de garrafas de polietileno. As matérias-primas (polietileno de alta densidade, polietileno de baixa densidade e pigmento) são adquiridas no pólo petroquímico de Recife, PE e transportadas a Teresina, PI por modal rodoviário, onde são transformadas pelo processo de moldagem por sopro. Depois disso, as garrafas são distribuídas para o município de Parnaíba, PI. Os dados primários foram coletados em uma indústria de transformação de plásticos de Teresina, PI e modelados no software SimaPro versão PhD 8.0.3.1 em conjunto com dados secundários obtidos nas bibliotecas Ecoinvent 3 e USLCI. A Avaliação de Impactos foi realizada segundo o modelo ReCiPe Midpoint (E). Observou-se que o processo produtivo na indústria de transformação, que demanda um elevado consumo de energia elétrica, se destacou na contribuição para as categorias de impacto; seguido pelo processo de transporte de matérias-primas e do produto final por conta da utilização do diesel. A melhoria do desempenho ambiental da garrafa plástica transformada em Teresina, PI pode ser alcançada com a implantação da eficiência energética na própria indústria. Palavras-chave: Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida, impactos ambientais, garrafas de polietileno. AbstractThe Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool that enables the evaluation of the environmental performance of processes, products and services. In this work, the LCA is used to assess stages of the life cycle of polyethylene bottles. The raw materials (high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, and, pigment) are acquired in the petrochemical pole of Recife, PE and transported to Teresina, PI by road transport, where they are using the process of blow molding. After that, the bottles are distributed to the municipality of Parnaíba, PI. Primary data were collected in a plastic processing factory in Teresina, PI and modeled using SimaPro software version 8.0.3.1 PhD in conjunction with the information obtained from the Ecoinvent 3 and USLCI libraries. The Impact Assessment was carried out according to the model Recipe Midpoint (E). It was observed that the production process in the manufacturing factory, that demand a high consumption of electricity, stood out to contribution to impact categories; followed by transportation of raw materials and the final product due to the use of diesel fuel. Improving the environmental performance of plastic bottles made in Teresina, PI can be achieved with the implementation of energy efficiency in the factory itself.

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“…This method is widely used and has many applications, but has also been criticised (e.g., Finnveden, 2000;Ayres, 1995;Ehrenfeld, 1998). Some difficulties concerning LCA and other environmental assessment tools that have been discussed in the literature are issues of boundaries and time perspectives, allocation problems, lack of knowledge regarding how certain emissions affect the environment, data gaps, and the valuation and weighting of different environmental problems (e.g., Ammenberg, 2003;Finnveden, 2000;Russel et al, 2005).…”

Section: The Complexity Of Environmental Assessment In Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the environmental benefits of industrial symbiosis: discussion and demonstration of a new approach

Wolf

Karlsson

2008

PIE

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Life cycle assessment – introduction and overview

Cited by 54 publications

References 3 publications

New and updated life cycle inventories for surfactants used in European detergents: summary of the ERASM surfactant life cycle and ecofootprinting project

New and updated life cycle inventories for surfactants used in European detergents: summary of the ERASM surfactant life cycle and ecofootprinting project

Impactos ambientais da produção de garrafas de polietileno numa indústria de Teresina-PI

Evaluating the environmental benefits of industrial symbiosis: discussion and demonstration of a new approach

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