Light-absorbing components in Lake Superior

Satellite ocean color algorithms: A review of applications to the Great Lakes

“…For example, Binding et al (2008) showed that the NAP absorption spectrum in Lake Erie depends on the ambient level of CDOM absorption, probably because some of the CDOM is in the form of colloids or adhered to the surface of mineral particles. In addition, the Binding et al (2008), O'Donnell et al (2010), and Peng and Effler (2010) work in Lake Erie and the Effler et al (2010) study in Lake Superior all demonstrate substantial spatial variations in the measured optical cross sections.…”

“…Until very recently the only published study was that of Bukata et al (1985). Work on development of a multi-year, multi-lake database of optical properties reportedly is currently underway (personal communication from an anonymous reviewer) and in the past few years a number of new optical characterization studies Binding et al, 2008;Effler et al, 2010;O'Donnell et al, 2010;Peng and Effler, 2010) have been presented. Although none of the published studies was explicitly extended to development of new chlorophyll retrieval algorithms, they should provide a more solid basis for further exploration of the method.…”

“…To determine how unpredictable variations in NAP and CDOM might affect chlorophyll retrievals made by using the empirical algorithms we conducted a Monte-Carlo experiment in which we randomly and independently selected the concentrations of the interfering CPAs input to the Bukata et al (1985) model from log-normal distributions assumed typical of the distributions in the Great Lakes. For each realization of the model we also randomly selected the phytoplankton absorption spectrum from those determined by Bukata et al (1985) and Lohrenz et al (2004), the NAP absorption spectrum from those presented by Bukata et al (1985) and that derived by Binding et al (2008), and the CDOM absorption from data published by Bukata et al (1985), Binding et al (2008), andEffler et al (2010). The model was run 10,000 times and a randomly selected subset of 250 of the 10,000 realizations was used to generate the results shown in Fig.…”

Analysis of MABEL Bathymetry in Keweenaw Bay and Implications for ICESat-2 ATLAS

“…The two study sites are in Lake Superior, at the eastern base of Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula (Figure 2). No local water-clarity information is available in the study area during the time of data acquisition, but in general, Lake Superior is an optically complex, oligotrophic case 2 water body [54]. Dominant coastal substrates in the region include high-reflectance white quartz sand derived from Jacobsville sandstone, lower-reflectance gray stamp sands, a product of the region's historic copper mining, and localized cobble fields [55][56][57].…”

An algorithm to retrieve chlorophyll, dissolved organic carbon, and suspended minerals from Great Lakes satellite data

“…a(chl), a(sm), a(cdom), b(chl), b(sm)). This partitioning was provided by the Upstate Freshwater Institute (UFI) in accordance to the methods described by Effler et al (2010) and Peng et al (2009Peng et al ( , 2011. The individual partitioned absorption of chl, cdom, and sm for each spectral band is then divided by the corresponding concentrations of each CPA to derive the HO model absorption cross section coefficients.…”