“…Various dynamic models have been developed to simulate different growth phases of microorganisms. 25 Specific to the biohydrogen production process by cyanobacteria, five growth phases have been observed by recent experimental studies 15,26 (i) the lag phase, (ii) the primary growth phase, (iii) the secondary growth phase, (iv) the stationary phase, and (v) the decay phase. 21 In the primary growth phase, cyanobacteria grow rapidly because of the presence of essential nutrients, including nitrate (nitrogen source) and glycerol (carbon source).…”