Lignin distribution across tracheid cell walls of poorly lignified wood from deformed copper deficient Pinus radiata (D. Don)

Downes, Geoffrey M.; Ward, John V.; Turvey, Nigel D.

doi:10.1007/bf00195552

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The activity of coniferylalcohol oxidase recently correlated with xylem lignification in several conifers (Savidge and Randeniya 1992) displayed a pattern of tissue expression very similar to that of Koblitz's "cytochrome oxidase", but determination of whether this enzyme is related to the Acer laccase will require further purification and characterization of coniferyl-alcohol oxidase. However, Pinus radiata, when grown under conditions of copper deficiency, becomes grossly deformed due to reductions of up to 35% in deposition of cell-wall lignin (Downes and Turvey 1986;Downes et al 1991). Similar effects have also been noted in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Extracellular laccases and peroxidases from sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) cell-suspension cultures

Sterjiades

Dean

Gamble

et al. 1993

Planta

181

108

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Abstract.We have investigated the abilities of extracellular enzymes from dark-grown cell-suspension cultures of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) to oxidize monolignols, the precursors for lignin biosynthesis in plants, as well as a variety of other lignin-related compounds. Laccase and peroxidase both exist as a multiplicity of isoenzymes in filtrates of spent culture medium, but their abilities to produce water-insoluble, dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs) from the monolignols (in the presence of hydrogen peroxide for the peroxidase reaction) appear identical whether or not the enzymes are purified from the concentrated filtrates or left in a crude mixture. The patterns of bonds formed in these DHPs are identical to those found in DHPs synthesized using horseradish peroxidase or fungal laccase, and many of these bonds are found in the natural lignins extracted from different plant sources. On the other hand, sycamore maple laccase is very much less active on phenolic substrates containing multiple aromatic rings than is sycamore maple peroxidase. We suggst that whereas laccase may function during the early stages of lignification to polymerize monolignols into oligo-lignols, cell-wall peroxidases may function when H202 is produced during the later stages of xylem cell development or in response to environmental stresses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Extracellular laccases and peroxidases from sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) cell-suspension cultures

Sterjiades

Dean

Gamble

et al. 1993

Planta

181

108

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“…Changes in lignin distribution in copper deficient trees have also been reported (Downes et al 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Lignin distribution in wood from a progeny trial of genetically selected Pinus radiata D. Don

Donaldson

1993

Wood Sci.Technol.

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Cell wall lignin distribution was assessed in Pinus radiata wood using quantitative interference microscopy. Three groups of trees were examined. Five trees, offspring of NZ clone 850-55, and five trees of NZ 850-55 crossed with several parents of the Guadelupe provenance, were compared with five trees of unselected P. radiata. Lignin concentration in the cell corner middle lamella region was significantly lower in both offspring groups of NZ 850-55 when compared with the unselected control trees. No difference in $2 lignin concentration was observed among the three groups. This result represents the first indication that variations in lignin distribution are genetically controlled in pines.

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“…Cases of reduced or variable lignification of woody cells have been reported in naturally growing dicotyledonous or conifer trees (Daniel et al, 1991;Donaldson, 1991;Downes et al, 1991;Gindl and Grabner, 2000). The reduced lignification was attributed to a virus disease (Beakbane and Thompson, 1945), nutrient or water deficiency (Barnett, 1976;Downes et al, 1991;Donaldson, 2002), or decreased autumn temperature (Gindl and Grabner, 2000).…”

Section: Vessel Occlusion or Vessel Collapsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reduced lignification was attributed to a virus disease (Beakbane and Thompson, 1945), nutrient or water deficiency (Barnett, 1976;Downes et al, 1991;Donaldson, 2002), or decreased autumn temperature (Gindl and Grabner, 2000). Barnett (1976) suggested that poor lignification of tracheid walls might be due to ceased tracheid differentiation resulting from drought, and Donaldson (1991) found evidence that latewood tracheids of the last-formed growth ring in P. radiata were not completely lignified until the next growing season.…”

Section: Vessel Occlusion or Vessel Collapsementioning

confidence: 99%

Tyloses and Phenolic Deposits in Xylem Vessels Impede Water Transport in Low-Lignin Transgenic Poplars: A Study by Cryo-Fluorescence Microscopy

et al. 2010

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Of 14 transgenic poplar genotypes (Populus tremula 3 Populus alba) with antisense 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase that were grown in the field for 2 years, five that had substantial lignin reductions also had greatly reduced xylem-specific conductivity compared with that of control trees and those transgenic events with small reductions in lignin. For the two events with the lowest xylem lignin contents (greater than 40% reduction), we used light microscopy methods and acid fuchsin dye ascent studies to clarify what caused their reduced transport efficiency. A novel protocol involving dye stabilization and cryofluorescence microscopy enabled us to visualize the dye at the cellular level and to identify water-conducting pathways in the xylem. Cryo-fixed branch segments were planed in the frozen state on a sliding cryo-microtome and observed with an epifluorescence microscope equipped with a cryo-stage. We could then distinguish clearly between phenolic-occluded vessels, conductive (stain-filled) vessels, and nonconductive (water-or gas-filled) vessels. Low-lignin trees contained areas of nonconductive, brown xylem with patches of collapsed cells and patches of noncollapsed cells filled with phenolics. In contrast, phenolics and nonconductive vessels were rarely observed in normal colored wood of the low-lignin events. The results of cryo-fluorescence light microscopy were supported by observations with a confocal microscope after freeze drying of cryo-planed samples. Moreover, after extraction of the phenolics, confocal microscopy revealed that many of the vessels in the nonconductive xylem were blocked with tyloses. We conclude that reduced transport efficiency of the transgenic low-lignin xylem was largely caused by blockages from tyloses and phenolic deposits within vessels rather than by xylem collapse.

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Lignin distribution across tracheid cell walls of poorly lignified wood from deformed copper deficient Pinus radiata (D. Don)

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Extracellular laccases and peroxidases from sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) cell-suspension cultures

Extracellular laccases and peroxidases from sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) cell-suspension cultures

Lignin distribution in wood from a progeny trial of genetically selected Pinus radiata D. Don

Tyloses and Phenolic Deposits in Xylem Vessels Impede Water Transport in Low-Lignin Transgenic Poplars: A Study by Cryo-Fluorescence Microscopy

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