Limit to the Bit-Rate Capacity of Electrical Interconnects from the Aspect Ratio of the System Architecture

Miller, David A. B.; Özaktaş, Haldun M.

doi:10.1006/jpdc.1996.1285

Cited by 235 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Since that time, a body of work (see, for example, [4] and [6]- [33]) has addressed potential benefits and limits of optics for interconnection [4], [7], [8], [12], [14]- [16], [20], [23], [24], [28], analysis of the relative benefits of optics versus electronics [4], [6], [9]- [11], [13], [21], [22], [26], [27], [30], [31], [33], and comparison of different kinds of optical approaches against one another [17]- [19], [25], [29]. Several of these papers review parts of this work (e.g., [20], [22], [27], and [28]).…”

Section: A Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rationale and challenges for optical interconnects to electronic chips

2000

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Section: A Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Design approaches could put increasing emphasis on the interconnection layout. Signaling on wires could be significantly improved though the use of a variety of techniques, such as equalization [2]- [4]. Most important for this discussion is a fourth approach-changing the physical means of interconnection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rationale and challenges for optical interconnects to electronic chips

2000

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“…One of the most striking results obtained is that there is an absolute bound on the total rate of information that can be swapped from one side of an electrically connected system to the other, and that this bound is independent of scaling. Such a bound does not exist for optics and superconductors 43,59 .…”

Section: Fundamental Studies Of Interconnectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connectivity Models for Optoelectronic Computing Systems

Özaktaş

2000

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Abstract. Rent's rule and related concepts of connectivity such a s d imensionality, line-length distributions, and separators have found great use in fundamental studies of di erent i n terconnection media, including superconductors and optics, as well as the study of optoelectronic computing systems. In this paper generalizations for systems for which t h e Rent exponent is not constan tthroughout the interconnection hierarchy are pro vided. The origin of Ren t's rule is stressed as resulting from the embedding of a high-dimensional information ow graph to two-or three-dimensional physical space. The applicability of these traditionally solid-wire-based concepts to free-space optically interconnected systems is discussed.1 Connectivity ,Dimensionality ,and Rent's RuleThe importance of wiring models has long been recognized and they have been used not only for design purposes but also for the fundamental study of interconnections and communication in computing. A central and ubiquitous concept appearing in such c o n texts is the connectivity of a circuit graph or computer netw ork. Connectedness has always been a central concept in mathematical graph theory 1 3 , whose extensions play a central role in graph layout 4 . The purpose of these concepts is to quantify the communication requirements in computer circuits. This paper aims to discuss several concepts related to the connectivity o f circuits such a s R e n t's rule, dimensionality, line-length distributions, and separators , provide certain extensions, and brie y discuss some of their applications. We rst discuss generalizations for systems for which the Rent exponent i s n o t constant throughout the interconnection hierarchy, and present a n umb e r o f r elated results. Special emphasis is given to the role of discontinuities and the origin of Rent's rule. The applicability of these concepts to free-space optically interconnected systems and the role of Rent's rule in fundamental studies of different i n terconnection media, including superconductors and optics, are brie y reviewed.Graph layout deals with the problem of how to situate the nodes and edges of an abstract graph in physical space. Optimal graph layout 5 is in general an NP-complete problem 6 . However, if a hierarc hical decompositionof a graph is pro vided, this graph can be laid out following relatively simple algorithms. A

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“…al.,[Miller96] convincingly argue that there is a limit on the bit-rate capacity, B, of electrical interconnects. B depends only on the aspect ratio of the interconnect, i.e.…”

Section: Optical Interconnectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Microphotonics

Kimerling¹

2003

Interconnect Technology and Design for Gigascale Integration

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A rebuilding of the world's information infrastructure is taking place to give instantaneous availability of data, voice and video. This revolution of the Information Age is being gated more by the introduction of new materials and components, than by the design of systems, software and networks. Electrons transmitted through metal wires have an information carrying capacity limited by the resistance and capacitance of the cable and the terminating electronic circuits. Photons transmitted through fiber are capacity limited only by the dispersion of the medium. Each network node that requires transduction from photonics to electronics limits the performance and affordability of the network. The key frontier is the large scale integration and manufacturing of photonic components to enable the distribution of high bit rate optical streams to the individual information appliance. Microphotonics is the platform for large scale, planar integration of optical signal processing capability. INTRODUCTIONIt is now one-half century since the advent of solid state electronics with the invention of the transistor. Through unparalleled gains in functionality at relatively constant cost, integrated circuits have enabled telecommunications, computation and manufacturing to move to the leading edge of societal change. This revolution has been conducted with "the turn of a single knob": the shrinking of device dimensions. During the last two decades a new "killer technology" has emerged in the telecommunications field. This photonic technology uses optical fibers for interconnection, and has delivered an exponential increase with time of information carrying capacity to the industry. Photonics has provided unparalleled bandwidth to the backbone of the discrete, point-to-point long distance (Wide Area Network) telephone line technology. However, the circuit architecture (central switching office) that worked so well for voice communications now limits the universal access that is required for Internet and data communications. A single optical fiber, with several hundred gigabits/second of capacity, is limited by electronic processing at each circuit node. To avoid this problem optical signal processors are required: e.g., optical cross-connects and optical add/drop multiplexers. To provide full functionality, these components must be integrated at densities compatible with microelectronic integration. This microphotonics platform represents not only a solution to information access, but it can also solve the problems of bandwidth, pin-out density, reliability and complexity that threaten to end the advance of the silicon integrated circuit technology. A good figure of merit for the performance of microphotonic integrated circuits is (speed)/(power)x(area).

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Limit to the Bit-Rate Capacity of Electrical Interconnects from the Aspect Ratio of the System Architecture

Cited by 235 publications

References 17 publications

Rationale and challenges for optical interconnects to electronic chips

Rationale and challenges for optical interconnects to electronic chips

Connectivity Models for Optoelectronic Computing Systems

Silicon Microphotonics

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