“…However, in the latter case, the essential work, which has started more than 30 years ago, has been carried out on soil pollution (Chen et al, 2021; Kim & Vipulanandan, 2006; Malkapuram et al, 2021; Miller, 1995; Mishra et al, 2021; Mulligan et al, 2001; Mulligan, 2005, 2009, 2021; Mulligan, Yong, & Gibbs, 1999; Mulligan, Yong, Gibbs, James, & Bennett, 1999; Mulligan & Wang, 2006; Prakash et al, 2021; Sonowal et al, 2022), with relatively less contributions to water depollution. Despite such large engineering efforts, including the development of performing extraction processes like flotation (Dhar, Havskjold, et al, 2021; Dhar, Thornhill, et al, 2021; Malkapuram et al, 2021) or electrokinetic remediation (Tang et al, 2020), little is still known about the fundamental interaction mechanisms of between heavy metals and biosurfactants, the latter mainly concerning rhamnolipids (Dahrazma et al, 2008; Ochoa‐Loza et al, 2001a).…”