Lipid content of swine influenza and other vaccines

Abstract

An analysis of the lipids in swine influenza vaccines was performed, comparing six different lots of swine influenza, other influenza and noninfluenza vaccines. Cholesterol content and phospholipid content varied greatly, but there were no major differences between the types of vaccines. Appreciable amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine were found in only one swine influenza vaccine. The major phospholipids of influenza vaccines were phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidic acid. A detectable amount of phosphatidylserine was not found in any swine influenza vaccine, but was present in two of three nonswine influenza vaccines. Only two of six swine influenza vaccines showed trace amounts (less than 0.5 microgram/ml) of ganglioside (GM3). However, larger quantities of galactocerebroside were found (2.24-6.43 micrograms/ml) in all influenza vaccines examined, including swine influenza vaccines.

Implications for lipids during replication of enveloped viruses

“…Computer simulation of crystallographic data on hemagglutinin-ligand interactions suggests that influenza virus associated glycans contact the host glycans within 1-2 residues of the ligand binding site to stabilize virus binding (Kasson and Pande, 2008). While the virus associated glycans may be presented by glycoproteins, it is also possible that GSLs may be involved since early works showed enrichment of gangliosides in the influenza virus envelope (Huang, 1976;Leskawa et al, 1986). Therefore, GSLs may function as attachment stabilizers rather than receptors per se in influenza virus entry mechanism.Some enveloped viruses are also able to harness GSLs as auxiliary receptors when their natural protein receptors are not presented.…”

“…Within biological membranes, they further exhibit lateral heterogeneity through the formation of specialized microdomains and by establishing asymmetry across bilayers. The overall structural and topological diversity of lipids and their aggregates results in a wide range on specific protein-lipid interactions and electrostatic considerations, which (Coil and Miller, 2005b;Coil and Miller, 2005a) Annexins are hijacked as co-receptors by PS expressed in the virus envelope Influenza virus (Huang et al, 1996), HBV (Hertogs et al, 1993), HCMV (Raynor et al, 1999), RSV a (Malhotra et al, 2003), HIV (Callahan et al, 2003;Ma et al, 2004) Molecular mimicry of apoptotic bodies facilitates macropinocytosis/virus entry VACV (Mercer and Helenius, 2008) Sterols/Sterol Esters Association with apolipoproteins facilitates virus docking and subsequent entry steps HCV (Prince et al, 1996;Agnello et al, 1999;Molina et al, 2007) Virus surface glycoproteins and receptors are clustered in "lipid rafts" HCV (Kapadia et al, 2007;Burlone and Budkowska, 2009), HIV (Sorice et al, 2000(Sorice et al, , 2001Nguyen and Taub, 2002;Popik et al, 2002;Bhattacharya et al, 2004;Nguyen et al, 2005), RSV a (Fleming et al, 2006), influenza virus (Takeda et al, 2003) Sphingolipids Glycan-glycan interactions between host and virus stabilize virus attachment Influenza virus (Huang, 1976;Leskawa et al, 1986;Kasson and Pande, 2008) GalCer, GM3 and Gb3 serve as auxiliary receptors for virus entry HIV (Fantini et al, 1993;Seddiki et al, 1996;Hammache et al, 1999;Hug et al, 2000;Magerus-Chatinet et al, 2007) GSLs aggregate viral receptors which have low endogenous cellular levels EBOV, Marburg virus, VACV, HSV (reviewed in…”