Liposomes: Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Liposomes, with their flexible physicochemical and biophysical properties, continue to be studied as an important potential a critical drug delivery system. Liposomes have overcome the challenges of conventional free drug therapy by encapsulating therapeutic agents, thereby improving in vivo biodistribution and reducing systemic toxicity. New imaging modalities and interpretation techniques, as well as new techniques for targetable system formulation technique, and tumor environmental information, have affected the search for a means of overcoming the difficulties of conventional liposome formulation. In this review, we briefly discuss how liposomal formulation has been applied across the biomedical field, particularly as a therapy, and the role it may play in the future, when paired with new developments in diagnosis and theranostics. The biological challenges that still remain and the translational obstacles are discussed.

A Comprehensive Review on Novel Liposomal Methodologies, Commercial Formulations, Clinical Trials and Patents

“…Various publications are noted with focal point as conventional methods [ 15 , 16 ], biomedical applications [ 17 , 18 ] and recent advances in liposomal methodologies in liposomal [ 19 ]. In this review, we broadly focus on inventive ideas in methods of preparation and commercially available liposomal formulations with different routes of administration, characteristics and their applications to overcome the hindrances with conventional preparations.…”

Enzyme Therapy: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives

“…Liposomes are lipid vesicles with one or more bilayers. They are widely used as delivery platforms due to their ability to enter the cytoplasm [106]. For example, liposomes are being studied for the delivery of palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 in infantile neural ceroid lipofuscinosis, leading to restored levels of enzymatic activity in patients' fibroblasts [107].…”

“…The high applicability of enzymes for treating different conditions, as well as the advances that are being made to overcome their associated issues, has led to a steady increase in the use of these treatments, which will be even greater in the future. Innovative biotechnology strategies are being developed to solve enzyme drugs drawbacks; NPs are being studied as vehicles [100], as well as virosomes [105], liposomes [106], EVs [108] and erythrocytes [113]. Additionally, molecular modifications are being carried out to improve enzyme characteristics; conjugations with biomolecules such as antibodies, DNA or metabolites are under study [114,115,118,119], and PEG modifications are being used in therapy [116].…”

Inducible Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Promise and Challenges for Translating a New Class of Immunotherapy

“…Of these, liposomes represent the most studied and characterized class of micro or nanoscale biomaterials that can serve as carriers for a wide range of compounds. Liposomes form when lipid components assemble into spherical bilayers leaving an aqueous compartment that carry a water-soluble payload (122). The physical properties of liposomes can be easily controlled by altering the types of lipids used for incorporation (123)(124)(125)(126), and their size can be controlled by deploying different production methods such as sonication, which delivers liposomes in the 20-40 nm range (127), microfluidic mixing in the 20-80 nm range (128,129), high pressure homogenization in the 20-140 nm range (130), flow focusing in the 50-150 nm range (131), and extrusion in the 70-415 nm range (132).…”