Liquid Fuel Effects on the Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Small Engine

Salazar, Victor M.; Ghandhi, J. B.

doi:10.4271/2006-32-0033

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, the HC effects due to parameter variation from experiments closely follow the literature [7,8]. Moreover, engine out BSHC levels for this particular engine are lower than previously published HC data for modern small and older larger bore engines [12,36,46]. The differences between other small engines with similar surface-to-volume ratios are explained by a number of factors, but mainly attributed to the engine design.…”

Section: Brake Specific Hydrocarbons (Bshc)supporting

confidence: 77%

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Compression Ratio Effects on Performance, Efficiency, Emissions and Combustion in a Carbureted and PFI Small Engine

Attard

Konidaris

Hamori

et al. 2007

SAE Technical Paper Series

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This paper compares the performance, efficiency, emissions and combustion parameters of a prototype two cylinder 430 cm 3 engine which has been tested in a variety of normally aspirated (NA) modes with compression ratio (CR) variations. Experiments were completed using 98-RON pump gasoline with modes defined by alterations to the induction system, which included carburetion and port fuel injection (PFI). The results from this paper provide some insight into the CR effects for small NA spark ignition (SI) engines. This information provides future direction for the development of smaller engines as engine downsizing grows in popularity due to rising oil prices and recent carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission regulations. Results are displayed in the engine speed, manifold absolute pressure (MAP) and CR domains, with engine speeds exceeding 10000 rev/min and CRs ranging from 9 to 13. Combustion analysis is also included, allowing mass fraction burn (MFB) comparison. Experimental results showed minimum brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) or maximum brake thermal efficiency (η TH) values in the order of 220 g/kWh or 37% could be achieved. A maximum brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 13 bar was also recorded at 8000 rev/min.

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Section: Brake Specific Hydrocarbons (Bshc)supporting

confidence: 77%

“…Carburetion is explored together with PFI as the majority of these small scale engines still operate with the outdated fuel system. This is due to less stringent emission regulations and cost benefits [11][12][13]. Hence, comparisons are made between modes at varying CRs to quantify the induction effects for these small engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compression Ratio Effects on Performance, Efficiency, Emissions and Combustion in a Carbureted and PFI Small Engine

Attard

Konidaris

Hamori

et al. 2007

SAE Technical Paper Series

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show abstract

“…This could be attributed to the transient operation involved at startup which causes incomplete combustion due to the lower speeds and the consequent high HC emissions. It can also be concluded that though the emission curves follow the same trend, they vary largely in magnitude from day-to-day, as also observed by Salazar & Ghandhi (2006). The day-to-day variation in HC emissions was observed to be in the range of 900-1200 ppm.…”

Section: Cold-start Emission Studiessupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Felton et al (1995) compared an electronic fuel injection system with an air-assisted fuel injection system and observed that while the extent of wall films was very different; the level of unburned hydrocarbons was similar, thus indicating that it is not necessary that liquid fuel film deposition is the cause of unburned HC emissions. Salazar & Ghandhi (2006) studied a pre-vaporized fuelling system and a carbureted system. From a statistical point of view, there is no difference in HC emissions between both fuel systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of liquid fuel transport in a small carburetted engine in the context of cold-start HC emission control

Tewari

Anand

Nishikant

et al. 2014

Sadhana

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In the present study, a detailed visualization of the transport of fuel film has been performed in a small carburetted engine with a transparent manifold at the exit of the carburettor. The presence of fuel film is observed significantly on the lower half of the manifold at idling, while at load conditions, the film is found to be distributed all throughout the manifold walls. Quantitative measurement of the fuel film in a specially-designed manifold of square cross section has also been performed using the planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique. The measured fuel film thickness is observed to be of the order of 1 mm at idling, and in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 mm over the range of load and speed studied. These engine studies are complemented by experiments conducted in a carburettor rig to study the state of the fuel exiting the carburettor. Laser-based Particle/Droplet Image Analysis (PDIA) technique is used to identify fuel droplets and ligaments and estimate droplet diameters. At a throttle position corresponding to idling, the fuel exiting the carburettor is found to consist of very fine droplets of size less than 15 μm and large fuel ligaments associated with length scales of the order of 500 μm and higher. For a constant pressure difference across the carburettor, the fuel consists of droplets with an SMD of the order of 30 μm. Also, the effect of liquid fuel film on the cold start HC emissions is studied. Based on the understanding obtained from these studies, strategies such as manifold heating and varying carburettor main jet nozzle diameter are implemented. These are observed to reduce emissions under both idling and varying load conditions.

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“…Carburetion is explored together with port fuel injection (PFI) as the majority of these small scale engines still operate with the outdated fuel system. This is due to less stringent emission regulations and cost benefits [3,11,12]. Hence, combustion comparisons are made between fuel delivery systems to quantify the induction effects for these small engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion System Development and Analysis of a Carbureted and PFI Normally Aspirated Small Engine

Attard¹,

Toulson²,

Hamori³

et al. 2010

SAE Technical Paper Series

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This paper focuses on the combustion system development and combustion analysis results for a normally aspirated 0.43 liter small engine. The inline two cylinder engine used in experiments has been tested in a variety of normally aspirated modes, using 98-RON pump gasoline. Test modes were defined by alterations to the induction system, which included carburetion and port fuel injection fuel delivery systems. The results from this paper provide some insight into the combustion effects for small cylinder normally aspirated spark ignition engines. This information provides future direction for the development of smaller engines as oil prices fluctuate and CO 2 emissions begin to be regulated. Small engine combustion is explored with a number of parametric studies, including a range of manifold absolute pressures up to wide open throttle, engine speeds exceeding 10,000 rev/min and compression ratios ranging from 9 to 13. Combustion system optimization through compression ratio development enabled the engine to achieve 37% brake thermal efficiency and 13 bar brake mean effective pressure. Hence, the test engine performance and efficiency results demonstrate that smaller bore engines can match or exceed typical larger bore engines found in passenger vehicles. However, this was only possible after compression ratio optimization to compensate for the higher levels of dissociation, friction and heat losses associated with the small cylinder size.

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Liquid Fuel Effects on the Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Small Engine

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

Compression Ratio Effects on Performance, Efficiency, Emissions and Combustion in a Carbureted and PFI Small Engine

Compression Ratio Effects on Performance, Efficiency, Emissions and Combustion in a Carbureted and PFI Small Engine

Study of liquid fuel transport in a small carburetted engine in the context of cold-start HC emission control

Combustion System Development and Analysis of a Carbureted and PFI Normally Aspirated Small Engine

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