(Liquid + Liquid) Equilibria for Water + Ethanol + Citral Multicomponent System at 303.15 K

Abstract

Liquid−liquid equilibrium data for the system water + ethanol + citral (neral + geranial + impurities) at 303.15 K were obtained, considering that citral is composed by two geometrical isomers along with a complex mixture of impurities. All organic chemicals contained in the commercial citral were quantified by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector rather than a thermal conductivity detector. Moreover, this last detector was used to quantify water and ethanol. To obtain the equilibrium data for this system, several mixtures that contain different ratios of the compounds, two with different ratios of (water + ethanol), one with the (neral + geranial) ratio corresponding to the commercial citral, and two with different ratios of (citral + ethanol), were studied. The influence of the equilibrium concentrations of ethanol and water on the neral and geranial distribution was also studied. Experimental results show that ethanol enhances the solubility of citral in water.

Fractionation of lemon essential oil by solvent extraction: Phase equilibrium for model systems at T=298.2K

“…As cited by Gramajo de Doz et al [26], citral is composed of a mixture of two geometrical isomers, geranial and neral. Because these have similar physicochemical properties, the geranial and neral mass fractions were summed and used to represent the citral mass fraction.…”

“…Previous studies on optimising the process of deterpenation by liquid extraction have tested many different types of solvents, including ionic liquids [14][15][16]; glycols [17,18]; water [19,20]; aminoethanol [21]; acetonitrile, nitromethane and dimethylformamide [22]; and short chain alcohols, such as methanol [23,24], ethanol [6,19,[25][26][27][28], propanol, and butanol [29].…”

“…Some published results focused on the experimental determination and the thermodynamic correlations of the solubility data from geraniol [25], citral [26], and terpenic hydrocarbons [27] in mixtures of ethanol and water. In addition, Chiyoda et al [6] and Arce et al [28] determined (liquid + liquid) equilibrium data for systems composed of terpenic hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds in mixtures of ethanol and water.…”

(Liquid+liquid) equilibria of (water+linalool+limonene) ternary system at T=(298.15, 308.15, and 318.15)K

“…To obtain quantitative results, the same chromatographic methods as previously reported [15] were used. Hence, water was quantified using a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) while a flame ionisation detector (FID) was used to quantify limonene and linalool.…”

Deterpenation of Bergamot Essential Oil Using Liquid−Liquid Extraction: Equilibrium Data of Model Systems at 298.2 K

“…Several methods for essential oils deterpenation, such as supercritical fluid extraction, , membrane processing, , supercritical adsorption/desorption, , vacuum and steam-distillations, , enzymatic conversion, , selective inclusion, and solvent (or liquid−liquid) extraction − have been proposed.…”