Lithium fluoride recovery from cathode material of spent lithium-ion battery

Zheng, Ying; Song, Wei; Mo, Wenting; Zhou, Liqun; Liu, Jianwen

doi:10.1039/c8ra00061a

Cited by 72 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…High leaching efficiencies of Co and Li were obtained by Zheng et al with formic acid and H 2 O 2 [191]. Actually, close to 100% of both Li and Co were solubilized in less than 20 min at 60 • C. The following reactions for formic acid leaching were proposed by Zheng et al [191].…”

Section: Organic Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.

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Section: Organic Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Actually, close to 100% of both Li and Co were solubilized in less than 20 min at 60 °C. The following reactions for formic acid leaching were proposed by Zheng et al [191].…”

Section: Organic Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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“…They can be classified by the type of leaching media: Mineral acids, alkalis, and organic acids. For instance, processes based on mineral acids, such as sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) or hydrochloric acid (HCl), or organic acids, such as ascorbic acid together with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), have reached satisfying yields [16]. Altogether, hydrometallurgy requires less energy, and due to its selectivity high purities can be obtained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Strategies for Ceramic All-Solid-State Batteries—Part I: Study on Possible Treatments in Contrast to Li-Ion Battery Recycling

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Finsterbusch

et al. 2020

Metals

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In the coming years, the demand for safe electrical energy storage devices with high energy density will increase drastically due to the electrification of the transportation sector and the need for stationary storage for renewable energies. Advanced battery concepts like all-solid-state batteries (ASBs) are considered one of the most promising candidates for future energy storage technologies. They offer several advantages over conventional Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), especially with regard to stability, safety, and energy density. Hardly any recycling studies have been conducted, yet, but such examinations will play an important role when considering raw materials supply, sustainability of battery systems, CO2 footprint, and general strive towards a circular economy. Although different methods for recycling LIBs are already available, the transferability to ASBs is not straightforward due to differences in used materials and fabrication technologies, even if the chemistry does not change (e.g., Li-intercalation cathodes). Challenges in terms of the ceramic nature of the cell components and thus the necessity for specific recycling strategies are investigated here for the first time. As a major result, a recycling route based on inert shredding, a subsequent thermal treatment, and a sorting step is suggested, and transferring the extracted black mass to a dedicated hydrometallurgical recycling process is proposed. The hydrometallurgical approach is split into two scenarios differing in terms of solubility of the ASB-battery components. Hence, developing a full recycling concept is reached by this study, which will be experimentally examined in future research.

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“…Reducing agents have also been proposed for enhancing metal leaching (He et al, 2018; Sa et al, 2015; Zheng et al, 2018). Hydrogen peroxide is currently the most commonly employed leaching agent, but it is limited by poor stability, high cost, and problematic long-term storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Countercurrent leaching of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries

et al. 2020

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This study focuses on a countercurrent leaching process (CLP) for the dissolution of high-value metals from cathode active material of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Its main aim is to improve the effective utilization of acid during leaching and allow for the continuous operation of the entire CLP by adjusting the process parameters. The overall recovery of lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) was 98%, 95%, 95%, and 92%, respectively; the acid utilization of the leaching process exceeded 95% under optimum conditions. The optimum conditions for first stage leaching were 70 g/L solid–liquid (S/L) ratio at 40°C for 30 minutes, and 2.0 M sulfuric acid, 100 g/L S/L ratio, 7 g/L starch, at 85°C for 120 minutes for second stage leaching. After five bouts of circulatory leaching, more than 98% Li, 95% Co, 95% Ni, and 92% Mn were leached under the same leaching conditions. Furthermore, we introduced the Avrami equation to describe metal leaching kinetics from spent LIBs, and determined that the second stage leaching process was controlled by the diffusion rate. In this way, Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can be recovered efficiently and the excess acid in the leachate can be reused in this hydrometallurgical process, potentially offering economic and environmental benefits.

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Lithium fluoride recovery from cathode material of spent lithium-ion battery

Abstract: Recoveries of cobalt and lithium metals from spent lithium-ion batteries are very important for prevention of environmental pollution and alleviation of resource shortage.

Cited by 72 publications

References 25 publications

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Recycling Strategies for Ceramic All-Solid-State Batteries—Part I: Study on Possible Treatments in Contrast to Li-Ion Battery Recycling

Countercurrent leaching of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries

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