Lithium vanadium phosphate as cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Abstract

Lithium vanadium phosphate (Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ) has been extensively studied because of its application as a cathode material in rechargeable lithium ion batteries due to its attractive electrochemical properties, including high specific energy, high working voltage, good cycle stability, and low price. In this review, the preparation of technology, structure, Li + insertion/extraction mechanism, and electrochemical properties of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 are introduced, and with particular focus on the relationship of these topics each other. The synthetic techniques of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , such as high-temperature solid-state method, sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, etc. And progress of techniques in modification, such as coating and elemental doping, is reviewed. Finally, the directions for further development and prospective applications for the material are proposed.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Hydrated Layered Vanadium(III) Phosphate Phase K3V3(PO4)4·H2O: A Functional Cathode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries

“…This combination results in a range of edge and corner-sharing arrangements for V–O polyhedra and PO 4 tetrahedra. 1 − 5 In recent years, V(III) phosphates have been evaluated for use as electroactive materials for electrochemical energy storage applications because their crystal structures allow for reversible and stable interstitial storage. In addition, these compounds show fast ionic conduction during intercalation/deintercalation of alkali cations.…”

“…Vanadium phosphate materials exhibit a complex and useful crystal chemistry due to multiple oxidation states of vanadium (+2, +3, +4, +5) that allow for various vanadium–oxygen (V–O) coordination conditions including octahedral, square pyramidal, and tetrahedral. This combination results in a range of edge and corner-sharing arrangements for V–O polyhedra and PO 4 tetrahedra. − In recent years, V­(III) phosphates have been evaluated for use as electroactive materials for electrochemical energy storage applications because their crystal structures allow for reversible and stable interstitial storage. In addition, these compounds show fast ionic conduction during intercalation/deintercalation of alkali cations. − Examples include Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (NVP) (rhombohedral, R 3 ̅c ), and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (LVP) (monoclinic, C 2/ c ), which are both considered fast-ion conducting solids for their respective alkali cations.…”

Computational Study of NaVOPO4 Polymorphs as Cathode Materials for Na-Ion Batteries: Diffusion, Electronic Properties, and Cation-Doping Behavior

“…The voltage trends of NaV 1– x M x OPO 4 (M = Al 3+ , Co 2+ , Fe 3+ , Mn 4+ , Ni 2+ , or Ti 4+ ) vs Na/Na + with x values of 0, 0.25, and 0.50 are depicted in Figure . These cations were chosen as they have been used as doping agents for different vanadium phosphate compounds, including Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 . − The doped materials show higher capacity and capacity retention than the pristine compounds. Also, the addition of the cation dopants has been shown to enhance Li- and Na-ion diffusion, and have a structural stabilization effect.…”

Validating the Electronic Structure of Vanadium Phosphate Cathode Materials

“…These characteristics allow for multiple vanadium–oxygen (V–O) coordination geometries ( i.e ., octahedral, square pyramidal, and tetrahedral). These geometries, when combined with PO 4 tetrahedra, enable a variety of edge and corner-sharing arrangements that provide a stable framework for reversible multielectron alkali-ion insertion or extraction. − The redox reaction in AVP materials involves one to three cationic redox reactions, each with a distinct flat voltage plateau on charge during alkali-ion removal. This process is asymmetrical during discharge, where redox plateaus change slope due to the disordered intercalation of alkali ions ( i.e.…”